纲

Macro-invertebrate from Annelida, Mollusca and Arthropoda were found in six sections from Baihe to Zhejiang road in the Suzhou River, among which four species were from Oligochaeta, two species from Hirudinea, five species from Gastropoda, two species from Bivalvia and several species from Insecta.

苏州河白鹤至浙江路段6个采样断面大型底栖动物隶属于环节动物门、软体动物门及节肢动物门。其中寡毛纲4种、蛭纲2种、腹足纲5种、双壳纲2种及昆虫纲摇蚊科幼虫与潜蝇蛹。

Arthropoda, Class Crustacea, Subclass Copepoda are beyond the present scope. The parasitic helminth faunas of rabbit fish, cutless fish, spotted mackerel, horse mackerel, grey mullet, and cobia were investigated.

本研究之对象为台湾海鱼蠕虫类寄生虫，包括：扁形动物门之单殖吸虫纲，吸虫纲内之复殖吸虫亚纲和绦虫纲；俗称线虫或圆虫之圆形动物门；棘头虫动物门中之始新棘头虫纲等；但不包含属於外寄生性之节肢动物门甲壳纲中的桡足亚纲。

The study history of cave invertebrate in China is summarized in this paper. We list new species of Chinese troglobiotic invertebrate found over the past twenty years, and two types of cave invertebrate are divided according to the differences of the habitat: terrestrial community and aquatic community. The review also emphasizes the current research on Arachnolida, Diplopoda, Insecta, Crustacea and Castropoda.

本文介绍了我国洞穴无脊椎动物研究的简史，列出了近20多年来我国发现的真洞穴无脊椎动物种类，并根据栖息环境的不同，将洞穴无脊椎动物划分为陆生群落和水生群落；着重介绍了蛛形纲、重足纲、昆虫纲、甲壳纲、腹足纲的研究现状。

Urban operations concepts and theories in China, planning is not only a discoverer who is王志纲practice.

城市行动概念和理论在中国，规划不仅是一个发现者谁是王志纲做法。

Platyhelminthes door sub-3 Class: Turbellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda, the latter two outlines are doing parasitic life.

扁形动物门分3纲：涡虫纲、吸虫纲及绦虫纲，后两纲均营寄生生活。

Tunicata, belonging to Urochordata, is comprised of three classes: Appendicularia, Thaliacea and Ascidiacea, with the former two being planktonic while Ascidiacea benthic.

被囊动物是一类低等脊索动物，包括3个纲：有尾纲、海樽纲和海鞘纲；全部生活在海洋里，其中有尾纲和海樽纲营浮游生活。

And, we selected some representative species of Collembola and representative groups of Protura, Diplura, Insecta and Arustacean to sequence and analyze their 18S rRNA completely gene sequences, 28S rRNA D6-D7 domain and nearly completely gene sequences to make the studies about the phylogeny relationships of the main families and orders of Collembola, discuss the questions such as the reliability about the new four orders system to Collembola, the monophyletic and ordinal phylogenetic relationships of them and the situation of the special groups, the phylogenetic relationships about Collembola with other groups and the evolution of Hexapod.

同时选取弹尾纲的代表种类和原尾纲、双尾纲、昆虫纲、甲壳动物等节肢动物部分类群，进行了18S rRNA基因全序列和28S rRNA基因D6-D7区以及近全长序列的测定、分析，对弹尾纲重要科属的亲缘关系、进化地位进行分子系统学研究，讨论弹尾纲最新分类系统中四目的确定性、各目单系性、四目的系统关系、特殊类群的分类地位，以及弹尾纲和其它类群之间亲缘关系、六足动物进化等问题。

The results of the analysis to complete 18S rDNA and partial 28S rDNA D 6-7 domain sequences of 30 collembolan species supported the monophyly of Poduromorpha and Symphypleona, Entomobryoidea is not a monophyly, familia Neelidae should be separated from Symphypleona. The situation about the superfamilia of Tomoceroidea and the familia Neelidae need further studies. The results of the further analysis to complete 18S rDNA and nearlly completely 28S sequences of 4 Protura, 6Collembola, 5 Diplura, 5 Insecta, 10 Crustacean, using 1 Myriapoda and 1 Chelicerata as outgroups indicated that Protura, Collembola and Diplura are monophy, respectively, Protura and Diplura have the nearest realationship, they make sister groups with Collembola and all of them assemble with Insecta to make a monophy cluster of Hexapod; The results support the monophy of Pancrusracea, Crustacean is not a monophy cluster and the realationships between them with Hexapod need further reseachers.

对我国的14科27属30种跳虫的18S rDNA全序列和28S rDNA部分序列(D6-D7)的基因信息数据进行分析，结果支持原目、愈腹目的单系性，长角目不形成单系群，支持短角科从愈腹目中分出，但鳞总科和短角目的分类地位有待于深入分析探讨；进一步比对4种原尾虫、6种跳虫、5种双尾虫、5种昆虫和10种甲壳动物的18S rDNA全序列和28S rDNA全序列，以1种多足动物和1种螯肢动物为外群，进行系统关系分析，结果显示：原尾纲、弹尾纲、双尾纲分别为单系群，原尾纲和双尾纲优先聚为一支，然后和弹尾纲构成姐妹群，以上三类又和昆虫聚为一支，支持六足动物的单系性，支持泛甲壳动物，但甲壳动物并未形成单系，其各类群和六足动物之间的亲缘关系尚须进一步确定。3。

Combined with additional sequences of 20 bivalves and 6 gastropods downloaded from NCBI (National Center of Biological Institution), molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using 4 Polyplacophora species as outgroup. The result resolved by maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayes-induce methods were in congruent with each other, which indicated that all bivalves formed a monophyletic group clustering with its sister-group, Gastropod.

结果显示：所有双壳纲的种类构成了单系发生的进化枝，与其姐妹群腹足纲聚在一起；双壳纲可以分为异齿亚纲和翼形亚纲两大类群，异齿亚纲是单系发生，翼形亚纲的系统发生关系则随方法的不同有所区别，牡蛎科的位置是造成此差异的主要因素。

This thesis set up the pedogenetic classification system of the sub-Antarctic maritime climate region, and the soils of study area are classified into 3 orders. 4 suborders (cryentisolorder、cryaquept-order, cryochrept-order and cryohistosol-order) and 13 groups. The diagnostic soil characteristics of each group are analysed. The soil mapof Fildes Peninsula of King George Island. Antarctica (1∶20000) is mapped.

建立了亚南极海洋性气候区土壤地理发生分类体系，将研究区土壤划归3个土纲、4个亚纲（冷冻新成土亚纲、冷冻潮湿始成土亚纲、冷冻正常始成土亚纲、冷冻有机土亚纲），13个土类，阐述了各土类的诊断特征，并绘制了南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤图（1∶2万）。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。