纬度的

The second cell consists of air rising in the middle latitudes—about 30 to 60 degrees north and south—and then falling again near the poles.

而第二个环流圈的气流从中纬度地区上升（大约在南北纬30-60度），并在极地附近下降。

The second cell consists of air rising in the middle latitudes-about 30 to 60 degrees north and south-and then falling again near the poles.

而第二个环流圈的气流从中纬度地区上升（大约在南北纬30-60度），并在极低附近下降。

Astronomy The angular distance of a celestial object above the horizon.

地平纬度：地平线以上天体的角度距离 4。

Climatic gradients were based on data sets from 841 meteorological stations throughout China. Definitions for floristic distributional patterns were based upon the work of Prof. Z. Y. Wu. Most of these floristic distributional patterns were strongly correlated with the geographic gradients in climate, except for cosmopolitan, cultivated and invasive genera. Tropical genera form a large fraction of the total genera (ranging from 0.84% to 94.38% in the regional floras) with the highest proportion in southern Yunnan and Hainan Island. Tropical genera occur predominantly in southern China of 0° N latitude and decreased with increasing latitude, as would be expected. Interestingly, the disjunct Tropical Asia and Tropical America distribution were not restricted to southern latitudes. Temperate genera account for 5.1% to 98.83% of the total genera in regional floras with the highest proportion in the province of Xinjiang. Most of these genera followed geographic gradients in climate as expected (temperate genera conspicuously dominate the landscape at higher latitudes), except the East Asian and North American disjunct distribution, Eastern Asian distribution and Chinese endemic distribution. Generally, most plant genera demonstrated some correlation with climatic and geographic gradients. The most important gradients were those of annual air temperature and precipitation. A small fraction did not demonstrate significantly particular pattern:"Cosmopolitan","East Asian and North American disjunct","Eastern Asian" and "Chinese endemic" distributions. The North Temperate distribution had the highest correlation with mean annual air temperature and precipitation.

结果如下：(1)除世界分布、栽培和入侵成分外，大部分中国种子植物属的地理成分的分布与地理相关密切；(2)热带分布属（泛热带分布、热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布、旧世界热带分布、热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布、热带亚洲至热带非洲分布及热带亚洲分布合计）占各地方植物区系的0.84%到94.38%，其最低值出现在中国西北部的新疆和青海地区，最高值出现在中国云南南部和海南；(3)热带分布属在＜北纬30°的地区占优势，除热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布外，其它热带成分随纬度增加迅速减少；(4)温带分布属（北温带分布、东亚和北美间断分布、旧世界温带分布、温带亚洲分布、地中海区、西亚到中亚分布、中亚分布和东亚分布合计）占各地方植物区系的5.1%至98.83%，其最高值出现在中国西北部的新疆地区，最低值出现在中国云南南部和海南；(5)除东亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外，其它温带成分随纬度增加迅速增加；(6)在温带成分中，东亚和北美间断分布及东亚分布属主要出现在中国亚热带到暖温带地区，北温带分布、旧世界温带分布和温带亚洲分布属在中国北部占优势，而地中海区、西亚到中亚分布和中亚分布属则在中国西北部占优势；(7)除世界分布、东亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外，所有其他成分都显示了与气候因素密切相关，其中，北温带分布属与年均温和年降雨量最为密切相关。

Namely, the first, the beginning, end and length of growing season of every type of vegetation is estimated with threshold method and moving average method, and the beginning end and length of growing season of vegetation from 1982 to 1999 is fitted linearly, finally, linear trend of the beginning end and length of growing season of vegetation is analyzed. The second, phenological phase in different years and zones is estimated based on greatest changes of slope method and EOF analysis method, and the result monitored by the two methods is compared, as a result, trend of growing season change from 1982 to 1999 in different latitude zones is better acquired. The third, phenological phase of vegetation in different spatial location from 1982 to 1999 is fitted based on curve. Then, spatial difference rules of growing season of every year and average of multi-year is discussed in article. In the end, lag correlation and linear regress are used to study relation between phenological phase of different types of vegetation, different latitude zones, different spatial places and climate changes.

利用阈值法和滑动平均法逐年估测了每种植被类型的生长季的开始、结束日期及长度；对18年中植被生长季的开始、结束时间和长度进行一次线性拟合，分析了植被生长季的开始、结束日期和长度的线性变化趋势；基于最大变化斜率法和EOF分析法估计了不同年份、不同区域内植被生长季的开始、结束时间及其长度，并对这两种方法的监测结果作了比较，从而得到了较好的不同纬度区域1982～1999年植被生长季的变化趋势；基于曲线拟合了1982～1999年的不同空间位置的植被物候期，然后讨论了每年和多年平均的植被生长季的空间分异规律；最后利用时滞相关分析和线性回归研究了不同类型植被的物候期与气候变化的相互关系，不同纬度带的植被物候期与气候变化的相互关系，植被物候期与气候变化空间相互关系。

An experiment was conducted to observe the anatomical structures of branches and leaves of Tilia amurensis at different latitudes in northeast China under optical microscope using the paraffin-section method.

利用常规石蜡切片，光学显微镜观察的方法，对东北地区不同纬度紫椴枝叶解剖构造进行比较分析，了解纬度这一环境因子对紫椴生长的影响，这对于天然紫椴林的保护、引种驯化、经营管理、种群恢复都具有重要意义，并为人工林的抚育和管理提供重要的理论指导和实践意义。

The discovery of the evidences for unequable climate affords precious data for the unequablity of the Cretaceous climate from continent center at mid-low latitudes which is a great supplement to the previous indirect data mainly from continental margin and oceans at mid-high latitudes.

变化证据的发现为白垩纪气候的非均一性提供了来自中低纬度和大陆内部的极其珍贵的直接证据，是对前人主要来自中高纬度大陆边缘和海洋的间接证据一个重大补充。

By using the NCEP/NCAR (National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis of daily with the horizontal resolution of 10°×10°(lat./lon. grid), the representative Pacific area (0°～ 60°N, 160°E～120°W) in northern hemisphere summer is chosen to analyse the 3D wind field, according to which the mean meridional circulation of the lower and middle latitudes, especially the Ferrel cell, is studied and a new concept model of Ferrel cell is carried out. Compared with the classical model, the new one describes more precisely the low and high level winds and has the ability to describe how the westerlies sustain on the real rotating Earth.

本文利用1998～2003年的NCEP/NCAR（National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research，美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心）再分析资料（10°×10°，经/纬度网格），根据北半球夏季（6～8月）太平洋地区（0°～60°N；160°E～120°W）的三维风场的基本特征，分析了北半球夏季太平洋地区平均经圈环流，特别是Ferrel环流的特征，发现Ferrel环流具有与已往研究不同的性质，并在此基础上提出了Ferrel环流新的概念模型，与过去的经典的环流概念模型相比能较好地描述高低空环流的基本特征，同时在考虑地球自转效应下，能够完满地解释中高纬度西风带的维持。

By using the NCEP/NCAR (National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis of daily with the horizontal resolution of 1.0°x1.0°(lat./lon. grid), the representative Pacific area (0°~60°N, 160°E~120°W) in northern hemisphere summer (Jun-Jul-Aug) is chosen to analyse the 3-D wind field, according to which the mean meridional circulation of the lower and middle latitudes, especially the Ferrel cell, is studied and a new concept model of Ferrel cell is carried out. Compared with the classical model, the new one describes more precisely the low- and high- level winds and has the ability to describe how the westerlies sustain on the real rotating Earth.

本文利用1998~2003年的NCEP/NCARNational Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research，美国国家环境预报中心／美国国家大气研究中心）再分析资料（1.0°×l.0°，经／纬度网格），根据北半球夏季（6~8月）太平洋地区(0°~60°N； 160°E~120°W的三维风场的基本特征，分析了北半球夏季太平洋地区平均经圈环流，特别是Ferrel环流的特征，发现Ferrel环流具有与已往研究不同的性质，并在此基础上提出了Ferrel环流新的概念模型，与过去的经典的环流概念模型相比能较好地描述高低空环流的基本特征，同时在考虑地球自转效应下，能够完满地解释中高纬度西风带的维持。

Finally, the influence of permanent tide is recalculated using the same precise development of TGP. This work can be taken as a theoretical reference for the research of highprecision space geodesy and astrogeodynamics. tide-generating potential ; station displacements ; spectrum method ; Love/Shida number

最初的Love数和Shida数是由静态球形地球的潮汐模拟理论推求的，由于地球是旋转椭球形的天体，地球形变对引潮力位的响应存在着不同调和函数的微小混合，这样Love数和Shida数就与测站纬度和TGP的调和级次有关，纬度特性可通过引入一组常数来表示，最初的结果由Wahr

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。