约束的

Chapter 3 is the keystone, in which the challenges against the issues of global ecology and environment and the Regime Effects, namely, the ever-establishment of related collection of policies, regulations and laws, have been analyzed. It is involved with the alleviation of anarchical nature of international relations, reinforcement of authority on issues of environment by the international organizations, e.g. UN, the restrictions on governments in which governments take the environment into consideration and the intensification of the international conventions of protecting the environment.

第三章是本文的核心，进一步分析了全球生态环境挑战及其"制度效应"(即不断设立解决相关问题的各种制度、规范和法律)：国家间关系中存在的"无政府现象"的减弱，联合国等国际组织和各种环境非政府组织在环境问题上的权威增加，国家受到越来越多条约的约束并且自觉接受生态约束，环境保护的国际习惯也在不断增加。

The apriori and aposteriori H〓-optimal filtering question can be solved directly. L〓 Apriori and aposteriori filtering with an H〓 error bound can be solved by semidefinite programming. Robust H〓 apriori filtering and robust apriori L〓 filtering in discrete-time system are subject to a nonconvex constraint.

对这些滤波问题解法的改进同连续系统下的情况基本类似，对确定性系统的H〓验前滤波和验后滤波，本文解法可直接得出最优滤波问题的解；对H〓约束下的L〓验前滤波及验后滤波，其解可归结为一凸优化问题；但不确定性系统H〓验前滤波和鲁棒L〓验前滤波的LMI解法中有了非凸约束，因此要用迭代法求解。

This method firstly determines whether a closed loop exists in the graph, and utilizes DOF reduction analysis and disturbing method to identify if the closed-loop constraints can be broken from a certain edge.

该方法能够较好的简化CAD软件中用户添加的装配约束，避免了因闭环约束造成的求解复杂度增加的情况，同时可以更好的表达实际装配的过程。

ABSTRACT To improve the parametric design method which is based on points, lines and circles, this dissertation presents the theory and methodology of parametric design which is based on relating-graph. The expression, organization, cyclic problem, covariation and extension method of relating-graph are studied.

针对当前二维参数化方法中存在的考虑线素较为简单、循环约束问题较难解决等一系列问题，本文系统地研究了基于高层次图素的关联图形的表达、关联图形的组织、关联图形循环约束问题的解决、关联图形的联动以及关联图形的拓广等方法。

We have obtained the following main significant results:(1) A master constraint operator for LQG is constructed, which is shown to be self-adjoint in the diffeomorphism invariant Hilbert space. Thus it lays a foundation for the master contraint programme in LQG;(2) The Immirzi parameter ambiguity in LQG is fixed by introducing supersymmetry, which leads to the conclusion that in the case where matter fields are coupled LQG might prefer supersymmetry in low energy;(3) The current accelerating expansion of our universe is successfully explained in the context of 5-dimensional Brans-Dicke theory, which gives a natural strategy to solve the dark energy problem.

重要成果包括：(1)构造出圈量子引力的Master约束算符，并证明了其自伴性，从而为应用Master约束方法解决量子动力学的难题奠定了基础；(2)通过引入超对称合理地固定了Immirzi参数，得出了在与物质场耦合的低能情况下圈量子引力可能偏爱超对称的结论；(3)用五维Brans-Dicke理论成功地解释了当今宇宙的加速膨胀，从而给出了一个自然解决暗能量问题的方案。

The distribution and the variation of the pre-stressed effective quantities in the cross section of the beam are comprehensively analyzed by the FEA along with the variation of the span numbers, span length and linear rigidity ratio of beam to column, wherefore the effect factors and the specific conclusions of lateral restraints on the pre-stressed formation in the concrete beam are drawn.

本文以竖向支承构件有一定侧向刚度的预应力混凝土框架结构为研究对象，分析了框架梁受到柱的侧向约束时的受力机理，并运用有限元数值模拟计算方法全面分析了随着梁柱线刚度比、跨度、跨数等诸多因素的变化，框架梁中预应力有效量的分布和变化情况，得到了侧向约束对框架梁建立预压应力的影响因素和具体结论。

The present work solves the ELD problem with Lineflow constraints through effective appli- cation of GA, considering the system transmission losses, power balance equation as the equality constraint, limits on the active power generations of the units and limits on currents in different lines as the inequality constraints. Two test systems, i.e.

目前的工作，解决了在ELD 问题lineflow的限制，通过有效的应用-阳离子遗传算法，考虑到该系统的传输损耗，权力的平衡方程作为等式约束，限制，有源电力几代人的单位和限制电流在不同的线路（ lineflow限制）作为不等式约束。

It is proved that arc coordinates of a directed curve cannot be used as ordinary coordinates or generalized coordinate s for the motion of an Appell-Hamel particle without a fixed orbit, but they can be used as quasi coordinates.

证明了弧长坐标 s在轨道未知的 Appell- Ham el质点运动中不能作为普通坐标或广义坐标，但可以作为准坐标，指出文献 [1]中引入弧长 s坐标的做法及"Appell- Ham el质点运动的轨迹是一般螺线"的结论是正确的，但其Appell- Ham el约束是完整约束及在该质点运动中 s坐标是广义坐标的观点是错误的。

Some relations between generalized KT-properly efficient solution and generalized H-local-properly efficient solution are obtained under appropriate conditions.

在实用中，由于在给定的约束条件下求得的目标函数的最优值，有时会不符合人们的要求，因此有必要考虑当目标函数的最优值作适当改进时，如何使约束条件进行极小扰动的问题。

Accordingly, the two-way establishment of self-discipline and heteronomy is the fundamental avenue to the construction of civil morality in our country at present.

从道德实践的层面上说，道德作为调整人与人之间、人与社会、人与自然之间相互关系的行为规范，其实现的途径应将内省式自我约束和外在的社会约束方式结合起来，道德人格的培养也需要在自律与他律的矛盾运动过程中实现。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。