约束变量

The control problem is transformed to constrained optimization problem and is solved using sequential quadratic programming algorithm.

考虑了调节变量和被控变量的约束情况，推导了采用序贯二次规划算法的滚动优化方法。

A standard expected value model for multi-objective multi-stage transmission planning is presented to realize the transmission optimal planning with the control of line overloading risks. In this model, a constraint of overloading risks is built with expected value and standard deviation of random line active power and two objectives are given as expected value of the average power loss and discount value of the investment cost. By modeling uncertain informations with probability theory, the probabilistic DC power flow is adopted for the correlated calculations among random variables in the planning model.4 A novel multi-objective transmission planning approach that considers transmission investment profit is proposed. Requests for transmission investment profit and social welfare are involved in the proposed planning approach.

以方案总投资费用贴现值和平均网损期望值为目标函数，建立多目标多阶段输电网规划的期望值模型，以线路有功潮流过负荷随机变量的期望值和标准差构建过负荷风险约束，考虑了风险发生概率和严重程度两方面的特征，通过对不确定性信息的概率建模，利用概率直流潮流进行各随机变量的相关计算，实现了控制过负荷风险条件下的输电网优化规划。4提出考虑输电投资收益的多目标输电网规划方法，综合考虑市场参与者对输电投资收益和社会总福利的要求加热管及其对输电网规划的影响。

First, for a given integer value of the objective function, the lower and upper bounds of the variables were determined by the optimum simplex tableau of the linear programming relaxation problem. Then the conditions on the bounds were added to the constraints as cuts to the associated objective function hyperplane. Finally, a branch procedure of the branch-and-bound algorithm was applied to finding a feasible solution on the objective function hyperplane.

对于给定的目标函数整数值，首先利用线性规划松弛问题的最优单纯形表确定变量的上、下界，然后将变量的上、下界条件加入约束条件中对相应的目标函数超平面进行切割，最后应用分支定界算法中的分支方法来搜寻目标函数超平面上的可行解。

Four main types of spatial binary links are investigated in details for kinematic synthesis both in precision-position synthesis and multi-position synthesis. In terms of the invariants of spherical curve and cylindrical curve, the mathematical models of adaptive fitting sphere and cylinder are constructed by means of the saddle-point programming.

再次，根据常见空间机构运动副组合的约束曲线与约束曲面的曲率理论，阐述了空间机构运动综合的基本要素及其不变量拟合理论与方法，研究了有限位置和多位置情况下，自适应综合方法在空间S-S、C-S、C-C和S-C四类二副杆组运动综合中的应用，实现了自适应综合方法从平面到空间的扩展。

According to the combination of symbolic execution and program analysis,the collection of generated constraint and the mapping between the test case variables and the SUT variables,testing model is generated,and then model verification and test case generation are done.

采用符号执行和程序分析相结合的方法，收集生成的约束、测试脚本变量与被测系统变量之间的映射关系，据此生成测试模型，进一步进行模型验证和测试生成。

For boxing constraint of control, trigonometric function transformation was developed to achieve an unconstrained problem.

对于控制变量受箱型约束的问题，采用三角函数转换将其转化为控制无约束问题。

According to constraint-induced financial innovation theory, evadable financial innovation theory, the transaction cost innovation theory, and based on commercial banks" basic concepts and theory of intermediary operation"s development, in a comprehensive comparison between domestic and foreign commercial banks, this paper applies the econometric method of panel data to analyze 4 macroscopical indicators impacting on intermediary operation such as gross domestic product, per capita disposable income, total direct financing business and the average deposit and loan spreads, and the econometric method of time sequence to analyze 3 microcosmic indicators such as the rate of nonperforming loans, the rate of cash and assets, core capital adequacy ratio.

本文根据约束诱导型金融创新理论、规避型金融创新理论、交易成本创新理论等理论，以商业银行中间业务的基本概念和中间业务发展的理论依据为出发点，在全面比较国内外商业银行中间业务发展的基础之上，运用时间序列和面板数据分析方法，选择了国内生产总值、城乡居民人均可支配收入、企业直接融资总额和平均存贷款利差四个宏观经济变量以及不良贷款率、现金资产率和核心资本充足率三个微观经济变量，对影响我国国有商业银行中间业务发展的因素进行实证分析。

By this constraint, the inner parameters, motion parameters of the cameras and the similarity invariants of trapezia can be linearly determined using some prior knowledge on the cameras or the trapezia.

基于这个约束关系，利用摄像机内参数的知识或梯形相似不变量的知识，可以线性确定摄像机的内参数、运动参数和梯形的相似不变量。

This control law could minimze the performance index in which the weighted state variables, control variables are included. By use of this control law, the aircraft is able to capture the desired flight states more accurately and decouples the control more completeiy with smooth control responses and less control engery.

这组控制规律使得对状态变量，控制变量进行加权约束的性能指标极小，并能用平缓的操纵反应和较小的控制能量使飞机达到完全解耦的指定状态。

E. thickness of the copper wire wall, length of the single conductor wire, height of the solenoid, the exciting current and the current density, the working temperature of the conductor, time of exciting and demagnetizing, the cooling water pressure and flux density, etc..

所建立的数学模型包含3个目标函数（即能耗极小化目标函数、铜耗极小化目标函数和纯铁用量极小化目标函数）、7个设计变量（即铜管规格参数a、b、t，线圈匝数N〓、N〓，铁铠磁通密度B〓和冷却水压p）和8类14个约束条件（即铜管壁厚、单饼导线长度、螺线管高度、激磁电流与电流密度、导体工作温度、激退磁时间，冷却水压和铁铠磁通密度等约束条件）。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。