约束

Moreover, bilateralism permits states to be internationally "morally uncommitted不受约束的,未作保证的,未表态的,中立的," even if they are not so domestically.

此外，双边主义允许在国际范围内"国家的道德不受约束"，即使它们的国内情况并非如此。

Experimental results show the recognition rate of the method is 95%for a known expresser and 72% for a novel expresser. Aiming at the shortcomings of optical flow technique,two improved optical flow algorithms are presented.One way is to introduce forward and backword constraint eqution and Hessian matrix of optical flow equation is computed.The well- posedness of each point of local neighbourhood is examined and the weight of Lucas-Kanade's method is defined as the reciprocal of the conditioning number of its Hessian Matrix.

3针对传统光流法的缺点，分别提出了两种不同的改进方法：其一为引入前向-后向光流方程，计算其Hessian矩阵，把Hessian矩阵条件数的倒数作为Lucas-Kanade光流法的加权阵，可有效消除局部邻域中不可靠约束点，同时提高基本约束方程解的稳定性；其二为针对传统光流法只适用于刚体运动的特点，在扩展约束光流方程的基础上引入了div-curl样条函数作为扩展光流约束方程的附加约束条件，给出了一阶和二阶div-curl样条约束下光流的数值解。

In order to reasonably depict four basic problems with friction, one Coulomb friction new form in first Kirchhoff stress is proposed to deal with finite deformation problems, other Coulomb friction form in incremental mode to elastoplastic flow theory; Hilbert function spaces concerning elastoplastical problems with friction are established, so it makes all operations and calculations in the treatise standardized within the scope of reasonably topologic structure; In view of functional extremum, the equivalence between generalized variational inequalities principles in elastoplasticity with friction and corresponding basic problems are testified by inducing Lagrangian multipliers, so it provides a rationally theoretical basis for numerical methods in elastoplasticity with friction; From the viewpoint of variational inequality, the theory of generalized variational inequalities in elasticity and elastoplasticity with frictional constraint is studied, and the uniqueness and existence of the solution of FEM is proofed under the proposed conditions of stress compatibility, and them FEM approximation and a discrete solution are discussed; Based on the principles of generalized variational inequalities in elastoplasticity with friction, direct generalized variational inequalities methods is pretended, which is a natural generalization and development of direct variational methods; Using generalized variational inequalities methods, some examples in metal forming including plane deformation, upset and extrusion are analyzed and the results prove that all the theories and methods in the paper are right, feasible, accurate and advanced.

主要内容有：为了合理地描述金属塑性成形中摩擦约束弹性、弹塑性基本问题，提出和研究了有限变形下以Kirchhoff第一应力表示的Coulomb摩擦定律形式和弹塑性流动理论下以增量形式表示的Coulomb摩擦定律表示形式；系统建立了摩擦约束弹塑性问题的Hilbert函数空间，使本文规范在一个具有合理的代数拓扑结构内进行一切操作和运算；利用Lagrange乘子，从泛函极值的角度系统地阐述和论证了一系列摩擦约束弹性、弹塑性广义变分不等原理与相应的实际问题之间的等价性，它为处理摩擦约束的弹塑性力学数值方法提供了合理的理论基础；从变分不等式的角度出发，阐述了对应于摩擦约束弹性、弹塑性问题的广义变分不等式理论，首次提出了在应力相容性条件下，它的有限元解具有存在唯一性，进而讨论了其有限元近似及离散解法；基于摩擦约束弹塑性广义变分不等式原理，首次提出了直接广义变分不等式方法，这一方法是直接变分法的合理推广和发展；利用直接广义变分不等式方法对金属压力加工中的平面变形问题、镦粗、挤压等塑性成形问题进行了分析计算，验证了该理论和数值算法的正确性、实用性、精确性和优越性。

The reconstruction problem is ill-posed, so two optimal criterions, the least module and the smoothness criterion base on Tikhonov regularization technique, are introduced into reconstruction algorithm. Many regularization parameters choice strategies are investigated, and the TPA(Two—Parameter Algorithm) strategy which is based on the Morozov discrepancy principles, is implemented in two regularization reconstruction algorithms.Numerical experiment results show that the nonnegative and smoothness constraint condition can overcome the difficulty of iteration semiconvergent, preconditioned technique can improve convergence rate and reconstruction accuracy, smoothness regularization criterion can meliorate ill-posed problem of reconstruction and enhance iteration stability, and the TPA is an effective strategy of regularization parameters choice.

数值试验表明：在共轭梯度法中引入非负约束和光滑约束改善了迭代的"半收敛"性，非负约束保证了解的非负性，光滑约束抑制了重建解的振荡现象，约束算法的重建精度与无约束算法相比大幅度提高；在约束共轭梯度重建算法中引入预优技术，可以加快算法的收敛速度，提高迭代的稳定性和重建精度；引入光滑准则的正则化技术可以有效改善图像重建问题的不适定性，加快迭代的收敛速度，提高迭代的稳定性和图像重建质量，计算正则参数的TPA算法在闪光照相图像重建中是有效的。

ABSTRACT: This article studies on the questions that there are non-symmetry and lack of restrict in drive and restraint of the state-owned mine enterprise operator, and it proposes the drive measures and restraint measures (ownership restraint, internal government structure restraint, market restraint, law and system restraint, operator ' s self- restraint and outside supervision restrain) to improve drive and restraint of the state-owned mine enterprise operator.

本文重点探讨了国有矿山企业经营者激励与约束存在的激励约束的不对称及激励约束的双重弱化等问题，并通过对问题产生的原因进行分析，提出了进一步完善国有矿山企业经营者激励与约束机制的激励措施和约束措施（所有权约束，内部治理结构约束，市场约束，法律及制度约束，经营者的自我约束及外部监督约束）。

In the POPF model, wind farm is modeled by the probabilistic wind farm model considering the reactive power-slip characteristic, and the inequality constraints include not only the unit output constraints, the ratio constraints, the voltage constraints and the line current constraints but also the reactive compensation capacity constraints in wind farm and the system climbing capacity constraints per minute. By introducing the NCP function, the KKT conditions of POPF system are transformed equivalently. Based on the transformed nonsmooth nonlinear algebraic equations, the FOSMM is used to determine the POPF model expressed by the numerical characteristic of variables. The model includes nonsmooth functions, so it can be solved by a semismooth Newton-type method based on the subdifferential.

概率最优潮流模型中，风电场采用考虑无功功率—滑加热器差特性的风电概率模型，不等式约束中除了机组出力约束、有载调压变压器变比约束、电压约束和支路电流约束，也考虑了风电场无功补偿容量约束、系统的分钟级爬坡能力约束；使用非线性互补函数将概率最优潮流的KKT条件转化为一组包含有不光滑函数的非线性代数方程组，然后基于一次二阶矩法确定了以待求量的数字特征表示的POPF模型，由于该模型包含不光滑函数，因此采用基于次微分的半光滑牛顿型方加热器法求解。

Firstly, this paper discussed the principle and agent theory, the corporate governance theory and supervision theory. Second, the paper analyzed special several-levels principle-agent relations of the state-owned enterprise, and used the principle -agent theory and the game theory to analyze several problems caused by this, such as the supervision function avianization about the owner, the enterpriser"s rent-seeking activity, the enterpriser"s conspiracy behavior and the insider control. Thirdly, the paper discussed the present situation of the supervision and restraint system from the management model of the three-levels authorization, financial general supervision system, the corporate governance and the outsider supervision and restraint system. The paper thought that the supervision and restraint system had the following problems: supervision and restraint system was imperfect, the property right restraint was lack, the restraint system was administrative and the supervision system was deformity.

本文首先讨论了经营者监督约束机制的委托代理理论、公司治理理论和监督理论：其次，深入分析了国有企业特殊的多级委托代理关系，并用博弈理论及委托代理理论分析了由此产生的各种问题，如所有者监督职能弱化、国有企业经营者的寻租行为、国企经营者合谋及内部人控制等；再次，本文从三级授权经营模式、财务总监制、公司治理结构及经营者外部监督约束等方面研究了我国经营者监督约束机制的现状，本文认为国有企业经营者的监督与约束存在以下问题：国有股份多级代理与监督约束弱化；国家股东对国企经营者缺乏产权约束，监督约束机制不完善；国有股份高度集中与监督约束的行政化；监督约束机制单一化与监督约束畸形化。

For example, manufacturing errors, especially errors of profile and position, assembly errors, nonplanar characteristics of dynamic parameters of components (such as the distribution of mass, inertia forces, etc.), deformation of components, external environments (such as the temperature, the field of the gravity), varying of the condition and so on, all that will disturb the planar constraints, and make it uncertain.

根据广义约束的观点，由于机械的工作受到各种内部和外部约束（包括几何约束、运动约束、动力约束及工作环境条件的约束等）的综合作用，实际上要保证这些约束精确的平面性是不可能的。

The reconstruction problem is ill-posed, so two optimal criterions, the least module and the smoothness criterion base on Tikhonov regularization technique, are introduced into reconstruction algorithm. Many regularization parameters choice strategies are investigated, and the TPA(Two—Parameter Algorithm) strategy which is based on the Morozov discrepancy principles, is implemented in two regularization reconstruction algorithms.Numerical experiment results show that the nonnegative and smoothness constraint condition can overcome the difficulty of iteration semiconvergent, preconditioned technique can improve convergence rate and reconstruction accuracy, smoothness regularization criterion can meliorate ill-posed problem of reconstruction and enhance iteration stability, and the TPA is an effective strategy of regularization parameters choice.

数值试验表明：在共轭梯度法中引入非负约束和光滑约束改善了迭代的&半收敛&性，非负约束保证了解的非负性，光滑约束抑制了重建解的振荡现象，约束算法的重建精度与无约束算法相比大幅度提高；在约束共轭梯度重建算法中引入预优技术，可以加快算法的收敛速度，提高迭代的稳定性和重建精度；引入光滑准则的正则化技术可以有效改善图像重建问题的不适定性，加快迭代的收敛速度，提高迭代的稳定性和图像重建质量，计算正则参数的TPA算法在闪光照相图像重建中是有效的。

So this thesis aims at achieving satisfactorysubtitling translation. By analyzing different rewritings in English-Chinese subtitling, this thesis focuses on the English-Chinese film subtitling translation constraints ,including formal constraints and textual constraints (cultural differences, temporal differences andspecial set of language use ) which influence film subtitling.

为了追求完美的字幕翻译，本文主要综合国内外著名电影字幕翻译学者的一些翻译理论，通过分析电影中英语英译汉字幕举例，针对英语电影字幕翻译中经常遇到的约束因素，例如技术约束，其中包括：时间约束和空间约束；语境约束，其中包括：文化差异约束，时代约束和个性语言等。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。