繁殖

Meanwhile, we highlight several research corners for future further study, the trade-offs on resource allocation within perennial plant had not been proved, the relationship of neighbor effects and reproductive allocation was still not so clear for individual plant, there was no definite conclusion on perennial plant reproductive strategy under different neighbor effects and different habitats. The relationship between reproductive allocation and sexual allocation , the cause of resource distribution in anthotaxy structure, the similarities and differences of reproductive allocation and the maintain mechanism within all kinds of reproductivest rategy need a further investigation. In addition, a molecular study is required for explaining the variation mechanism and the biological meanings on seed size research.

指出生活史研究仍存在不足首先是研究内容上，资源分配在多年生植物中的权衡仍未被有力证明，邻体效应与繁殖分配的关系在个体水平上仍不明了，多年生植物在不同邻体效应和生境下将采取何种繁殖对策目前尚无明确的结论；繁殖分配与性分配之间的关系，引起花序结构上资源分配差异的原因，各种繁殖对策中繁殖分配异同与维持机制等问题仍有待于进一步的研究；种子大小的变异机制以及生物学意义仍未得到令人满意的答复，更需分子水平上的研究来解释其机理。

What's worse, they think that the temperature condition is not necessary for seeds to come into leaf and that plants can also grow well without fertilization.

学生对於植物生长的另有概念包括将根与茎的名词定义错误，认为植物是「先长茎再长根」或「先长果实，后开花」；并对植物器官的功能不熟悉；缺乏植物的「花」、「果实」具有传宗接代等繁殖概念；「温度」条件对种子发芽而言是非必要的；植物有「施肥」就长得更好，没有施肥也不会怎样；知道植物可以用种子繁殖，除了种子以外可以繁殖的器官学生多数只看过落地生根用叶子繁殖，缺乏更多的实际经验。

The paper accords to the northeastern cities specially the Heilongjiang Province major cities wild plants application present situation, and take wild plant Linaria vulgaris L. var. sinensis Bebeaux in Heilongjiang Province as research object, and carries on the contrast experiment through the many kinds of propagation technology method, in order to establish the propagation system, which can provide the theory foundation for it in the botanical garden can fast promote the application.

本文根据东北地区特别是黑龙江省大中城市野生植物的应用现状，以黑龙江省方正县野生柳穿鱼为研究对象，首次对其繁殖技术进行比较全面系统的研究，包括种子繁殖技术、扦插繁殖技术及组织培养繁殖技术，试图建立一套较为优化的的繁殖技术体系，为其进行大规模的产业化生产提供理论基础，在园林绿化中得以快速推广应用。

Reproduction is a key process, which highly influences the economic efficiency of pig production. Traditional quantitative genetics plays a very important role in animal breeding. Selection for increased number of piglets born has been employed in pigs with only limited success because of the low heritability, the late expression in life and the sex-limited nature of reproductive traits.

中文题名猪ESR和FSH-β位点对猪繁殖性状的调控及其调控机理的研究副题名外文题名 Regulations of reproductive traits by ESR and FSH-β loci and the mechanisms involved 论文作者李凤娥导师熊远著院士学科专业动物遗传育种与繁殖研究领域\研究方向猪的分子遗传育种学位级别博士学位授予单位华中农业大学学位授予日期2002 论文页码总数115页关键词猪繁殖性状馆藏号BSLW /2003 /S828 /2 繁殖是养猪生产过程中的关键一环，该环节成功与否直接影响整个养猪业的经济效益。

In this study, nine aspects had been carried out, which included the condition optimization of inducing silkworm asexual reproduction; the effective technique of obtaining unfertilized eggs from virginal moth; the investigation of asexual reproductive genetic resources on bivoltine silkworm races; the creating of bivoltine female asexual reproductive lines; the genetic effect analysis of silkworm asexual reproductive character; the eggs protein study on different female lines; growing and developing comparison between asexual reproductive line and its sexual parent; RAPD study on asexual reproductive character; the utilization of asexual reproductive lines.

本论文主要研究内容包括：家蚕无性繁殖诱导条件的优化；从家蚕处女蛾获取未受精卵的实用技术研究；二化性家蚕品种无性繁殖特性的遗传资源调查；二化性雌蚕无性繁殖系的构建；家蚕无性繁殖性状的遗传效应分析；家蚕无性繁殖品种的蛋白质研究；家蚕无性繁殖品种与其两性亲本生长发育对比研究；控制家蚕无性繁殖性状的基因的RAPD分子标记探索以及家蚕无性繁殖系的利用研究等九个方面，取得的主要结果如下

It is suggested that how to increase propagation coefficient effectively is an urgent task; cutting, tissue culture and other methods which propagate fast are effective ways in Corylus heterophylla propagation.

认为如何有效地提高榛子的繁殖系数，是榛子繁殖亟待解决的问题；繁殖速度快的扦插、组织培养等繁殖方法将成为解决榛子繁殖难题的有效途径。

Therefore, we selected common species of Ranunculaceae. comparative primordial plants in Alpine Meadow at Eastern QinghaiTibetan Plateau, and studied the reproductive strategies, such as reproductive allocation, especially sex allocation, to understand how the plants adapt the environmental conditions. The results showed:(1) At higher altitude, the self-incompatible plant, such as Trollius ranunculoides tended to become limited by pollination rather than by nutrient availability, while the self-compatible plants, such as Anemone rivularis and A. obtusiloba seemed not to be limited by pollen availability, which suggested that ability of self pollination for alpine plants may be a mechanism of reproductive assurance.(2) Influences induced by high altitude on the reproduction of these species occurred on different reproductive characters, which suggest species-specific adaptive strategies. The influences are dependent on plant size to some extent.

因此，我们选择在青藏高原东部的高寒草甸，以比较原始的植物类群—毛茛科植物为研究对象，选择一些常见种探讨其繁殖对策，如繁殖分配和性分配问题，试图揭示这些植物如何适应环境条件，最后的结果表明： 1高寒草甸高海拔区，自交植物(如小花草玉梅A.rivularis和钝裂银莲花A.obtusiloba)的繁殖不受花粉限制，而完全异交植物(毛茛状金莲花T.ranunculoides)的繁殖受花粉限制，表明高海拔地区植物的白花授粉能力可能是一种繁殖保障机制，能够避免恶劣环境对植物有性繁殖的不利影响； 2海拔高度对植物的影响因种而异，不同的物种受影响的繁殖性状不同，即使同属亲缘种间也存在差异，表明不同物种对相似环境压力的适应对策不同；而且，海拔高度对植物的影响在一定程度上依赖于植物个体大小，说明植物通过调整其个体大小与繁殖性状的关系来适应环境梯度的变化； 3植物花期和果期的繁殖分配并不完全随海拔升高而减小(只有小花草玉梅的果期RA随海拔升高而减小30％)，与Iwasa和Cohen的预测不完全一致(他们认为繁殖分配随生长季缩短而减小)。

Hobby breeder: A breed fancier who usually has only one breed but may have two; follows a breeding plan in efforts to preserve and protect the breed; produces from none to five litters per year; breeds only when a litter will enhance the breed and the breeding program; raises the puppies with plenty of environmental and human contact; has a contract that protects breeder, dog, and buyer; runs a small, clean kennel; screens breeding stock to eliminate hereditary defects from the breed; works with a breed club or kennel club to promote and protect the breed; and cares that each and every puppy is placed in the best home possible.

嗜好繁殖者：他们是某品种的专家，通常他们只繁殖一到两个品种，他们遵循繁殖计划是为了保护这个品种，他们每年只繁殖1~5胎，只有一种前提他们才会繁殖，那就是这胎有机会增强这个品种。他们在良好的环境中喂养幼犬，保证幼犬与人类足够的接触。他们使用协议保护繁殖者，狗，和购买者，他们经营着小的，干净的犬舍，他们监控自己的种犬避免遗传缺陷，他们和某个品种俱乐部或者犬业协会协作，来保护和推进这个品种，并且用心的照顾每一个幼犬，为每个幼犬寻找最合适的家庭。

A breed fancier who usually has only one breed but may have two; follows a breeding plan in efforts to preserve and protect the breed; produces from none to five litters per year; breeds only when a litter will enhance the breed and the breeding program; raises the puppies with plenty of environmental and human contact; has a contract that protects breeder, dog, and buyer; runs a small, clean kennel; screens breeding stock to eliminate hereditary defects from the breed; works with a breed club or kennel club to promote and protect the breed; and cares that each and every puppy is placed in the best home possible.

嗜好繁殖者：他们是某品种的专家，通常他们只繁殖一到两个品种，他们遵循繁殖计划是为了保护这个品种，他们每年只繁殖1~5胎，只有一种前提他们才会繁殖，那就是这胎有机会增强这个品种。他们在良好的环境中喂养幼犬，保证幼犬与人类足够的接触。他们使用协议保护繁殖者，狗，和购买者，他们经营着小的，干净的犬舍，他们监控自己的种犬避免遗传缺陷，他们和某个品种俱乐部或者犬业协会协作，来保护和推进这个品种，并且用心的照顾每一个幼犬，为每个幼犬寻找最合适的家庭。

A breed fancier who usually has only one breed but may have two; follows a breeding plan in efforts to preserve and protect the breed; produces from none to five litters per year; breeds only when a litter will enhance the breed and the breeding program; raises the puppies with plenty of environmental and human contact; has a contract that protects breeder, dog, and buyer; runs a small, clean kennel; screens breeding stock to eliminate hereditary defects from the breed; works with a breed club or kennel club to promote and protect the breed; and cares that each and every puppy is placed in the best home possible.

爱好繁殖者：他们是某个犬种的爱好者，通常他们只繁殖一到两个犬种，他们遵循繁殖计划是为了保护这个犬种，他们每年只繁殖1~5胎，只有一种前提他们才会繁殖，那就是这胎有机会增强这个犬种。他们在良好的环境中餵养幼犬，保证幼犬与人类足够的接触。他们使用协议保护繁殖者，狗，和购买者，他们经营著小的，乾净的犬舍，他们监控自己的种犬避免遗传缺陷，他们和某个犬种俱乐部或者犬业协会协作，来保护和推进这个品种，并且用心的照顾每一只幼犬，为每只幼犬寻找最合适的家庭。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。