系统误差

The main problems researched in the dissertation and achievements are as follows: The dissertation explains the science background and the theoretical and actual meaning of the task. The progress and the problems of the flow imaging technique are briefly explained. The advantages of electrical capacitance tomography are discussed. The paper discusses the formation and operating principle of ECT, and builds up the definite mathematical model by detail theoretical analyse, and establishes the Finite Element Model of the system by changing the finite boundary value problem of ECT into equivalence variation problem according to variation principle. On the basis of the FEM of the system, the paper builds the finite element model of the capacitance sensitivity field distribution and programs its finite element simulation software and proves the validity of the FEM of the ECT from different aspects. With the FEM and the qualitative analyse of the effect of each structural parameter of the capacitance transducer on its capability, this paper optimizes the structural parameters of the capacitance transducer, and obviously improves its capability. The compare of the simulated result with the static experimental result shows that the error of them is less than 0.9%.

其主要研究内容包括：阐述课题研究的学术背景及其理论与实际意义，概括总结出流动层析成像技术的发展现状和存在的问题，指出电容层析成像技术的优点；讨论电容层析成像系统的组成及工作原理，进行详尽的理论分析，以变分原理为基础，将ECT的有限元边值问题转换为等价的变分问题，从而建立系统的有限元模型；在系统有限元模型的基础上，建立敏感场的数学模型，编制有限元的仿真软件，并从不同角度证明电容层析成像系统有限元模型的正确性；利用有限元模型，定性地分析电容传感器各结构参数对其性能的影响，并对传感器结构参数进行优化设计，使其性能得到明显的改善。8电极ECT系统的仿真和静态实验结果的比较表明，它们之间的相对误差小于0。

Now the controllability theory in linear systems over the field R of real numbers has been heavily studied. This theory is efficacious for analyzing the characters which are determined by the value of physical parameters and system structure, nevertheless a practical system has a definite structure and has approximate, even unknown parameter sometimes because of a limit to experiment conditions, or a limit to making technology, the errors of observation. It is inconvenience for a linear system over the field R of real numbers to analyze the structure characters of a physical system, such as structural controllability.

目前，实数域上的系统的完全能控性理论研究已经很成熟了，它用于分析系统结构和物理参量的值共同决定的那些性能是有效的，然而，在工程中，由于实验条件或者制造工艺上的限制和观测上的误差，以及人为地对数据的近似处理，一个实际系统往往其结构是确定的，而参数只是近似的甚至未知的，实数域上的系统不便于分析物理系统的结构性质，如结构能控性。

It consists of optical collimator system, optical focusing system, servo error signal generating system and the enforce element of servo system . It is a complex system, which is involved in optics, fine machine, electromagnetic, et al.

光学读取头包含准直光学系统、聚焦光学系统、误差信号提取系统、以及伺服系统的执行机构等部分，是一个综合了光学、精密机械、电磁学等学科知识的复杂系统。

Compared with the conventional 2-D coordinate measuring systems, the new system has great improvement at measuring speed, aiming accuracy, measuring function and degree of automation The new system consists of two parts image measuring system of displacement and image autofocusing and aiming system The displacement measuring system in which CCD camera is used for locating the optical scale not only processes the advantages of absolute code measuring system powerful noiseproof feature, good long-time stability, easily compensated ruling error of optical scale, but also has the advantages of morden numerical systems easy numeralization and intelligence The autofocusing and aiming system in which CCD camera is applied for gaining the defocusing information and edge location information of workpiece enjoys the advantages of fast autofocusing, accurate result, high accuracy of edge detection and wide range of measured parameters, etc The feasibility of the new 2-D measuring system is analyzed in this thesis and related parameters are calculated.

详细本文在分析了现有二维中小尺寸测量系统中，光学仪器的光学读数系统和调焦、瞄准系统的优缺点之后，结合现代数字化仪器的优缺点，提出研制一种新的二维图像测量机系统。与传统二维坐标测量系统相比，新型系统在测量速度、瞄准精度、测量功能及自动化程度等方面都有较大的提高。该系统由图像式位移测量系统和图像式自动调焦、瞄准系统组成。图像式位移测量系统采用CCD摄象机拾取光学线纹尺的位置信息，既具有传统光学式绝对码位移测量系统的优点—抗干扰能力强、长期稳定性好、光学标尺误差易于补偿等优点，又具有现代化数字仪器易于微机化、智能化的优点。

Then, based on the observability of SINS/GPS integrated system it has been concluded that the observability of the attitude errors of the integrated system is very poor, and the nonsingular condition of the obervability matrix has been given by means of the theoretical analysis.

首先建立起捷联惯导系统与全球定位系统相组合系统的数学模型，从研究SINS／GPS组合系统的可观测性出发，通过理论分析得出了组合系统姿态角误差可观测性很差的结论，并给出使可观测阵满秩的条件。

So we designed a adaptive synchronizing controller based on hereinbefore hardware environment: first a small magnitude reference signal r is outputted to system through the signal card (to ensure that the vibrating system works in a linear state), and this signal is sent to the moving coil of vibrator through the power amplifier, so vibration is produced through electromagnetic induction. Secondly the vibration signal can feedback to the data acquiring card in the servo system through the acceleration sensor on the Vibroseis reactor M〓 and the base-plate M〓, then the computer can get the current vibrating state y〓 of the coil of vibrator according to the feedback information from the data acquiring card, and give a real time comparing between the current state y〓 and the reference output y〓 of the set-in reference model with current reference input being r , then regulates the correlative controlling parameters according to the error e〓=y〓-y〓 till y〓→y〓, finally normal signal sweeping begins with a certain phase fixed. Meanwhile a synchronization signal for seismic signal record is sent to seismograph from synchronization signal outputting component in the Vibroseis system to perform the controlling process of synchronization of sweeping phases.

为此，我们基于以上的硬件环境设计了一个自适应同步控制器：首先通过信号发生卡对系统输出小幅度的参考信号r(从而保证振动系统工作处于线性状态)，信号通过前置放大器、功率放大器等送到激震器动圈，并通过电磁感应产生振动，振动信号通过可控震源激震器反应块M〓和基板M〓上的加速度传感器反馈给伺服系统中的数据采集卡，工控计算机根据采集卡的反馈信息，获取当前激震器动圈的振动状态y〓，并实时地将该状态与内置的参考模型在当前参考输入r下的参考输出y〓进行辨识，再将两者输出误差e〓＝y〓-y〓对系统的有关控制参数进行调整，直至y〓→y〓，最后在经过某一固定的相位后，开始信号的正常扫描过程，与此同时，由可控震源系统的同步信号输出部件向地震仪送出一地震信号记录同步信号，进而完成扫描相位同步控制过程。

So, When the power system is in transient, the sliding mode control rule is chose directly to make transient component decrease quickly, and when the power system is in stability, the direct current control method based on voltage space vector method is imported to make the error current reduce to zero by inches and avoid surge.

为此，当系统处于暂态时，论文直接选择滑模控制率使暂态分量迅速减小，当系统处于稳态时，引入基于电压空间矢量的直接电流控制方法，使误差电流趋于0缓慢变化，在有效补偿系统无功的同时，提高了系统的动态特性，并大大降低了系统振荡的可能性。

It's an effective measure of fast valving in improving the dynamic stabilities of power system and preventing the overspeed of steam turbines, but the fast valving technique available can satisfy the need of modern steam turbines no more. On the basis of the new type fluid logic valve, which combines the regulating systems and safety systems happily, the steam turbine EHC based on new principle is put forward, one of its outstanding characteritics is, the fast valving is operating in a closed control loop. For the implementation of control for steam generator regulation and safety systems with nonlinear mult-operating modes, a new methodology for designing a fuzzy logic controller is proposed, which is based on the combination of"error phase plane"and"variable universe of discourse". Application of a double-mode FLC with the new methodology is presented, the validity of the design methodolody is desmonstrated by test; A new methodolody is also presented to improve the design and tuning of a FLC using variable structure control theory.

本文还详细讨论了快关控制在提高电力系统暂态稳定性及超速保护中的应用，分析了现有的快关控制规律的局限性，研究出一种基于新型快关阀的汽轮机电液控制系统，其突出特点是使汽轮机闭环快关成为现实，指出这种基于新的组成原理与设计方法的汽轮机电液控制系统对不同工况下的适应能力；针对汽轮发电机组多工况、非线性的特点，提出一种把&误差相平面&方法与&可变论域&思想有机结合的双模FLC设计与调整的新方法，试验结果表明该系统具有良好的动、静态特性；为改善FLC控制规则的设计与调整，作者还介绍了一种把滑模变结构理论成功应用于模糊系统设计的新方法。

A floating displacement static analysis model of basic floating part of 2-stage star gear train was presented.

建立星型齿轮传动静力学系统基本浮动构件浮动位移分析的弹簧-质量模型；采用静力学分析的方法，考虑系统的误差、工况条件、构件的弹性变形等条件对系统浮动位移的影响；计算系统基本浮动构件浮动位移；分析系统主要设计参数对各构件浮动位移的影响，为星型齿轮传动系统浮动机构的设计提供依据。

A floating displacement static analysis model of basic floating part of 2-stage star gear train was presented.

摘 要：建立星型齿轮传动静力学系统基本浮动构件浮动位移分析的弹簧-质量模型；采用静力学分析的方法，考虑系统的误差、工况条件、构件的弹性变形等条件对系统浮动位移的影响；计算系统基本浮动构件浮动位移；分析系统主要设计参数对各构件浮动位移的影响，为星型齿轮传动系统浮动机构的设计提供依据。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。