系统误差

The effective prediction space concept is established, On the base of these, this paper deduces two representations' evaluating equation, one evaluates the prediction error and the other evaluates the prediction error in limited space. First, the error transfer characteristic among subsystems at different space locations is analyzed, and the direct transfer characteristic from discrete standard measure space to the workpiece measure space under measured in measure system is proven. Second, the error reconstruction condition and method of mapping from discrete standard measurement system to continuous standard measurespace are analyzed.

分析了不同空间位置子系统间的误差传递特性，证明了在测量系统中离散标准量值空间向被测量工件量值空间的直接传递性；分析了离散标准量系统向连续量值空间映射的误差重构条件和方法；基于测量样本的有限距离的平稳性，证明了预报模型对动态测量误差的有限收敛性和预报误差的可测度性，进而证明了以离散标准量值系统对被测工件预报修正的可行性和合理性。

The major results are summarized as follows: When there is initial error only or model parameter error only in the Lorenz system, the error growth and predictability limit are comparable between two kinds of error problems. This result holds basically for the wide range of parameter space of Lorenz system.

结果表明：在初始误差和参数误差单独存在时，系统的可预报期限随误差大小的变化规律基本上相同；对于相同的误差大小，初始误差和参数误差对系统可预报期限的影响几乎相同，这一结果基本上不随参数范围的变化而变化。

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

By applying the concept of "dominant input",the existence of both the approximation error and external disturbance which are supposed to have unknown boundaries is considered.What's more,the adaptive law utilizes two types of errors in the adaptive fuzzy systems,the tracking error and approximation error.

该方法应用"主导输入"的概念，同时考虑了函数逼近误差和系统外扰的存在，假设了该系统逼近误差和系统外扰有界但界未知的情况；并探讨了自适应模糊控制器的参数自适应律由跟踪误差和逼近误差共同进行调节。

Retroreflector array is used as pseudo phase conjugator in the system. The fidelity of the conjugate wave and matching problem of the retroreflector array and Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor is discussed. Several data fusion methods are presented in order to having two Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensors control one set of wavefront corrector. The misalignment errors of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor and arrangement errors of wavefront sensor and deformable mirror are analyzed. At the same time, numerical work based on the data of practically system, such as 61 element AO system, are done corresponding to the problem respectively and the results are given. The system of CP/CM AO is setup to fulfill all the functions. Through the data fusion of two Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensors, the system runs successfully and realizes the close loop. It lays a good foundation for the application of CP/CM AO. Another aspect of this paper is to expand the working band of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor through Frequency Transfer of Nonlinear Optics.

针对不同的应用环境，提出了四种CP／CM衍生光路；进行了关键器件——角反射器阵列的保真度分析，给出了角反射器阵列作为伪相位共轭器件，与哈特曼—夏克波前传感器的匹配条件，认为角反射器阵列的布局要与哈特曼波前传感器的微透镜阵列布局完全对应，才能达到最优探测效果；提出了四种双哈特曼传感器控制一套波前校正器的数据融合方式，并逐一进行了分析，认为加修正因子斜率融合和电压融合方式在目前工程中是适用的，并进行了相应的数值模拟；给出了哈特曼传感器自身的调整误差分析过程，得到了误差可通过常规标定消除的判断依据；通过数值计算，得到了常规自适应光学系统和CP／CM系统哈特曼传感器和变形镜的对准误差对系统性能的影响，给出了两种系统对于不同对准误差情况下校正效果的变化情况和相应系统容限；以37单元自适应光学系统为基础，搭建了CP／CM自适应光学系统光路，并完成了系列CP／CM功能实现实验，运用双哈特曼传感器数据融合，成功实现了CP／CM自适应光学系统的闭环实验。

Considering the limits of RDSS in active positioning mode,such as poor security,limited capacity,and inability to continuously provide position,velocity and attitude outputs,a technique of tightly coupled RDSS /SINS integrated navigation system is proposed for land vehicles by utilizing the time differenced carrier phase of 3 geostatic satellites.

针对北斗系统有源定位方式保密性差、用户数目有限，不能提供连续的位置、速度、姿态信息的问题，提出利用北斗系统3颗地球静止卫星的载波相位时间差分信息，与车载捷联惯导构成紧组合导航系统，通过扩展卡尔曼滤波器估计并修正惯导系统的速度误差；引入载体的侧向和天向速度约束，改善了速度估计精度；结合北斗系统的伪距信息，消除了长航时条件下位置误差的积累；推导了滤波器观测方程，对组合导航滤波器进行了设计；通过车载实验进行了验证，实验结果表明，速度误差和位置误差的积累受到了有效地抑制，精度满足陆地战车导航的要求。

The camera calibration method is based on the 2D plane target\'s camera calibration method that is proposed by Zhang Zheng-you et al. Intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of fixed-focus camera are obtained and the precision and the error analysis of Camera calibration are done. The multi-sensor vision system errors are obtained. The error average value is 3.39 mm in X lateral, 0.43 mm in Y lateral, and 1.52 mm in Z laterals. The precision might satisfy the multi-sensor vision system\'s localization request.(3) The goal position and intensity have difference between the visible light image and the near-infrared image because of their image formation mechanism, resolution and field of view differences.

2建立了基于2D圆控制点的摄像机标定试验系统，对多源传感器视觉系统的摄像机，采用张正友等人提出的基于2D平面靶标摄像机标定方法进行了标定试验，得到了多源传感器视觉系统的摄像机内外参数，并对标定结果进行了精度和误差分析，得出视觉系统在X方向误差均值为3.39 mm，Y方向误差均值为0.43 mm，Z方向误差均值为1.52 mm，可以满足多源传感器视觉系统的定位要求。

Moreover, the accuracy analysis for different measurements and parameters(such as time measure error, azimuth measure error, buoys error, baseline length and sound velocity fluctuation) are given respectively. To make the best use of the observation datas, the weighted least square localization algorithm is used to improve the accuracy in bistatic sonar. The simulation results show that the positioning accuracy of this algorithm is higher than the other four algorithms, with which the positioning accuracy in stations areas and side areas can be improved effectively.

同时，通过对系统各个因素，如系统的各观测量的测量误差、站址误差、基线长度、声速波动等参数对算法性能的影响，得出了各方法定位误差的分布规律；为了充分利用双基地声纳系统的观测数据，提高系统的定位精度，采用加权最小二乘方法对系统的数据进行优化处理，仿真结果表明该方法定位精度明显高于基本方法的定位精度，能有效的改善发射站和接受站侧边区的定位精度，且定位性能受站址测量误差的影响较小。

When one element of an N-element array is aberrated, the most sensitive aberration is Piston error, and then the sensitive aberrations are element defocus, tilt, spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism. As for four aperture system, the influence of Piston error is 2 times larger than that of defocus, and 4 times larger than that of astigmatism.

在合成孔径成像系统单个子孔径存在像差的情况下，Piston误差对系统的影响最大，其次是离焦误差、倾斜误差、球差、彗差和像散，对于四孔径系统，Piston误差对系统的影响几乎是离焦误差的2倍，像散的4倍。

Based on analyzing performance of gear machining system and mechanism of machining error, the description method of machining error was presented for gear machine. According to the performance-driven design concept and generalized multi-body certainty theory, driven by gear machining error, machining error fine model and system integrated design method of CNC gear shaper was studied.

本文在分析齿轮加工机床的系统性能和加工误差产生机理的基础上，提出了加工误差描述方法；以&性能驱动设计&为基本理念，以齿轮加工误差为驱动，以广义确定性多体系统为理论基础，研究了数控插齿机加工误差精细分析和系统集成设计方法。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。