系统树

At the same time, it puts forward that unless molecular data and the achievements in traditional taxonomy are combined to construct the optimal phylogenetic trees will they not help the development of bryophyte molecular phylogenesis.

并提出只有将分子数据和传统分类学取得的研究成果结合起来，构建最合理的系统树，才能更好地推动苔藓分子系统学的发展。

The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene sequences of 13 samples of gayal in China were sequenced by the method of direct sequencing and molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed based on cited sequences to analyzing its origin and phylogenetic status.

采用PCR直接测序法测定我国大额牛13个个体的线粒体Cyt b基因全序列，并引用其它牛种的序列资料共同构建分子系统树，以探讨大额牛的起源及其系统地位。

Molecular phylogenetic tree constructed by NJ method suggests that African wild dog is the earliest divergent. Wolf, dog, and simien fox which belong to genus Canis are combined into one branch which diverged earlier than raccoon dog, red fox and blue fox. Red fox is more related to blue fox than the other animals.

NJ法构建的分子系统树显示，非洲野犬最先从犬科动物中分化出来；犬属的狼、狗和西门豺等3种为系统树上独立的一支，且其分歧的时间较赤狐、蓝狐和貉早；赤狐和蓝狐具有较近的亲缘关系。

Software and results were saved in EXCEL for consequent statistic operation and obtaining chromosome patterns. 4 indexes were chose, such as chromosome karyotype, C-band pattern, chromosome behavior and B chromosome for comparative analyses, and adopted SPSS to reconstruct dendrogram. Combined with studies on insect morphology and insect geography, we made a detailed analysis and speculation on the relationship of taxa concerned. Finally we got the conclusions as follows: 1. The number of chromosomes in grasshoppers of Oedipodiae is 2n 〓=23=22+XO. All chromosomes are telocentric chromosomes. Most of the genome formulas are 3L+6M+2S+X and 3

论文选取染色体核型、C-带带型、染色体行为和B染色体这4个方面的指标进行比较分析，运用SPSS系统分析软件建立表达各属和各种之间亲缘关系的系统树，并结合昆虫形态学和昆虫地理学等方面的研究成果，对其亲缘关系进行了比较详细的分析和推测，得出以下结论：一、斑翅蝗科蝗虫的染色体数目都稳定在2n〓=23条，性别决定机制是XO型，染色体均为端部着丝粒，染色体组式以3L+6M+2S+X和3L+7M+1S+X这两种类型为主，即3对大型染色体，6～7对中型染色体和2～3对小型染色体，X染色体以中型为主，在染色体组中主要排列为4～7位。

The relationships among the five families are very close, so we support the view that these five families can be combined into one family Acrididae.(3) It is suggested that Arcypterinae, Gomphoceridae and Chrysochraontinae be combined into Gomphocerinae of the family Acrididae.

在与我国传统分类和国外分类系统比较基础上，结合我们的系统树，建议将网翅蝗亚科、槌角蝗科和绿洲蝗亚科合并，恢复国际用名大足蝗亚科Gomphocerinae。

The members of the same genus and family were grouped together. The polyogenetic relationships of 8 families were Pyrgomorphidae →Chrotogonidae→Pamphagidae→Oedipodidae→Acrididae→Arcypteridae→Gomphoceridae→Cantantopidae.Pygomorphidae had closer relationships with Chrotogonidae as well as being the most ancestral group. Arcypteridae and Gomphoceridae were the sister groups and had closer relationships with most evolutionary Catantopidae. Tridactylidae was divided firstly as a suborder,which differs from the recent taxonomy distinctly. Haglidae and Gryllidae were grouped into suborder Ensifera, Tetrigidae and 8 families of Acridoidea were grouped into suborder Caelifera, as same as recent taxonomy.

分子系统树表明：科内的属和属内的种均优先聚在一起；蝗总科8科的起源关系为：锥头蝗科→瘤锥蝗科→癞蝗科→斑翅蝗科→剑角蝗科→网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科→斑腿蝗科；锥头蝗科与瘤锥蝗科关系较近，是蝗总科内最原始的类群；槌角蝗科和网翅蝗科互为姐妹群，与最进化的斑腿蝗科关系较近；蚤蝼科为独立的一支，最先分出，似为一个亚目，与现用的分类系统有明显差别；哈螽科和蟋蟀科聚在一起为剑瓣亚目，蚱科和蝗总科的8科组成短瓣亚目，同现用的分类系统。

The result of analyzing the base content revealed that only the sequences from Buxus bobinieri have GC bias, especially at the third base of codes, and the GC content is more than 70%. All of molecular phylogenetic trees, based on the Beyesian, MP, and NJ methods, consisted of three major clades. Four sequences from Ceratophyllum demersum were grouped into a monophyletic clade (subfamily Ⅱ). Two sequences out of Trochodendron aralioides nested in subfamily Ⅲ. Another three sequences from Kingdonia uniflora interspersed among different subclades of subfamily Ⅰ.

用贝叶斯法、最大简约法和邻接法构建的CHS基因的分子系统树均由3个主要分支构成，其中一个分支由来自金鱼藻的4个序列聚在一起构成了subfamily Ⅱ，来自昆栏树的2个序列聚在一起网接于subfamily Ⅲ中；来自独叶草的3个序列分散于同一亚家族(subfamily Ⅰ)的不同分支中；而多数种的序列分散在相距较远的两个分支中，构成了两个主要的亚家族subfamily Ⅰ、subfamily Ⅲ。

This phenomenon warrants further study. 4. Phylogeny study on Croomia and Stemona The relationship of the genus and the taxonomic placement of Stemonaceae The phylogenetic tree of matK, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL and ITS sequences data indicated that it was natural to place Stemona and Croomia in one family.

黄精叶钩吻属和百部属的分子系统学研究百部科属间关系和科的系统地位叶绿体DNA(matK、trnL-F和atpB-rbcL)及核DNA序列构建的系统树显示Stemona和Croomia形成稳定的单系类群，表明将这两个属放在同一个科是自然的，不支持将Croomia独立成科。

The sequence variation analyses showed that there are 236 variable and 221 parsimony-informative in the aligned 605 nucleotide sites, in addition, the relative frequenencies of four nucleotides were not equal an this fact showed that the base compositions were biased. The results of phylogenetic analyses showed:(1) the phylogenetic relationships of the Cypraeidae taxa was basically in consistent with morphology-based ones;(2)Cypraeovulinae was monophyletic in all trees, whereas Nariinae and Cypraeinae were not;(3)the monophylies of Mauritia, Palmadusta, Erosaria, Monetaria, Staphylaea and Pustularia were strongly supported by molecular data;(4)Meyer's speculation that Chelycypraea came out from Luria were also supported.

结果表明：(1)宝贝科28种动物的分子系统树大部分与形态学分类一致；(2)在系统树上，疹贝与鼻贝亚科的其它分类群的距离相隔较远，提示它们之间有较远的亲缘关系，建议将疹贝属列入宝贝亚科；(3)卵宝贝亚科包括希达贝、脊焦贝、筛目贝、拟枣贝、焦掌贝以及呆足贝等共计15个属，它们在系统树上构成独立的一个大支系，构成单系群；(4)支持Meyer将龟甲贝从禄亚贝总属中分离出来的观点，但龟甲贝和林西那贝之间的系统发生关系及其分类地位还有待于进一步探讨。

The phylogenetic relationships of Fagales were investigated by means of molecular systematics, which was based on six DNA sequences from three genomes, including chloroplast DNA trnL-F, matK, rbcL, and atpB, nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial gene matR.

本文采用来自三个基因组--叶绿体、线粒体和核基因组的六个DNA序列片段，对壳斗目的系统发育进行了重建，主要探讨了壳斗目八个科的科间系统演化关系及不同基因系统树间存在冲突的原因。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失