系统树

By using the Neighbor-joining method of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis sofrware, a dengrogram was obtained based on genetic distances. Another dendrogram was obtained by Maximum Likelihood methodv in PHYLIP (3.6) software. The bootstrap values vwere evaluated for each crunode of the dendrogram by means of bootstrap test.

利用分子进化遗传分析软件，采用邻结法构建系统发生树；同时根据等位基因频率，利用PHYLIP(3.6)分析软件，采用最大似然法构建系统发生树，应用自举检验估计系统树中结点的自引导值，并进行了系统发生分析。

The phylogenetic tree of fish IgH conserved region contains two major branches of teleost and elasmobranch, and snakehead IgH is most closely related to pufferfish. The phylogenetic tree of IgL conserved region shows three major branches, and snakehead IgL locate as a branch of IgL1A.

根据IgH和IgL恒定区氨基酸序列构建系统进化树，鱼类IgH形成硬骨鱼和软骨鱼两大分支，其中乌鳢IgH与河豚IgH的亲缘关系较近；硬骨鱼IgL系统树显示3个主要的分支：L1、L2和L3，乌鳢IgL位于L1分支的L1 A亚类。

There is little difference between the molecular phylogenetic tree based on mtDNA cox3 sequence and the species phylogenetic tree. But the results of Locusta nugratoria and Apis mellifera iigustica in molecular phylogenetic tree are different from those in species phylogenetic tree.

基于mtDNA COX3序列数据构建的分子系统进化树基本上可反映一组物种的亲缘关系，但东亚飞蝗和蜜蜂在分子系统树中与形态系统中的结果明显不同，可能与生态环境及繁殖方式有关。

Because of sharing characteristics with both Galliform groups, Tragopans are classified as partridges by some authors and pheasants by some others. In this study we set out to sequence the cytochrome b-gene of 19 species pheasants. and took the sequence for those 22 species from GenBank. We amplified 828 base pairs using the PCR technique. Primers designed by ourselves were based upon Galliform sequence data. Neighbor-joining method and Minimum evolution method were used to analyse cytochrome b sequences with Anhima cornuta and Kachuga dhongoka as outgroups.

通过PCR扩增鸡形目Galliformes黄腹角雉Tragopan caboti等10个属19个个体的线粒体DNA细胞色素b的部分基因，获取片段长度为828bP，以及从GenBank获取22种样本的相应序列，以角叫鸭Anhima cornuta和海龟Kachuga dhongoka为外群，分别用邻接法(Neighbor-joining， NJ)和最小进化法(Minimum-evolution， ME)，对鸡形目和将雉科的15个属分为5个属及雉族和鹑族构建分子系统树，NJ和ME系统树中，都是角雉与雉类相聚。

The 28S rDNA molecular phylogenetic trees showed: 1 entoprocts and phylactolaemate ectoprocts constituted a sister group, strenghthening the opinion that entoprocts should be reunited into phylum Bryozoa; 2 the cheilostome gymnolaemates was obviously non-monophyletic; 3 bryozoans itself was polyphyletic beyond any doubt, its main lineages were scattered in different positions of the lophotrochozoan trees; 4 to our great interests, the phylogenetic position of cheilostomes was between the diploblastic and the triploblastic, indicating they may play an important role during the evolution route from the diplobastic to the triploblastic animals.

28S rDNA分子系统树显示，内肛动物和被唇类外肛动物聚在一起并互为姐妹群，支持将内肛动物重新归入苔藓动物门的结论；唇口目裸唇类外肛动物绝非单系发生；苔藓动物本身也不是单系发生的，其主要类群分别位于触手冠担轮动物系统树的不同位置，特别是，唇口目苔藓动物的系统地位介于二胚层动物和其它三胚层动物之间，可能是二胚层动物向三胚层动物演化过程中的一个关键类群。

The phylogenetic trees supported that Eriocaulaceae be treated as Eriocaulales because this family always been a nature independent group connected with other families. Eriocaulaceae grouped with Commelinaceae, which supported the close relationship and parallel evolution between the two families. Juncaceae was not close to Eriocaulaceae and more primitive. The relationship between Juncaceae and Cyperaceae was closer than that between Juncaceae and Poaceae. Among these families, Poaceae was the most primitive family and far from Eriocaulaceae. Also in Eriocaulaceae, Eriocaulon was supported to be more primitive.

从构建的系统发育树可以得到：①谷精草科独立形成一个植物类群，支持谷精草科独立成为谷精草目；②谷精草科与鸭跖草科聚成一个大的类群，说明两科的亲缘关系较近，并且表现为平行进化；③灯心草科不近缘于谷精草科，与禾本科相比，灯芯草科与莎草科之间存在更近的亲缘关系；④在进化程度上，灯心草科比谷精草科原始；禾本科与谷精草科的亲缘关系最远，并且在这几个科中处于最原始的进化地位；⑤系统树还支持谷精草科内部的系统关系，支持谷精草属在谷精草科中的原始系统位置。

The phylogenetic analyses revealed three groups within Cyprinidae. The subfamily Danioninae was on the base, Barbine and Leuciscine formed sister group.

系统发育树的拓扑结构显示鲤科鱼类分为三个类群，波鱼类群位于系统树的基部，鲃系与雅罗鱼系互为姊妹群。

The amino acids sequences alignment confirmed that 145 LRR stucture was highly conserved in all aligned PGIP sequences. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that BoPGIP1 and PGIP from Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana clustered together firstly, and then came from Gossypium barbadense, Lycopersicon esculentum and Phaseolus vulgaris in turn. The clustering results basically accorded with morphological classification system.

将BoPGIP1氨基酸序列与数据库中的其他植物PGIP进行同源序列比对，构建系统进化树，发现所比对基因都含有LRR结构，在145位点的LRR结构域在所有物种中极其保守；系统树显示，该序列最先与甘蓝型油菜和拟南芥聚类，其次和棉花、番茄和豆科作物的PGIP聚类，基本符合按形态特征分类的亲缘关系。

The results are as follows: 1 The ingroups studied are divided into four clades on the molecular phylogenetic trees that we reconstructed.

我们测定了斑腿蝗科10亚科20种蝗虫和其它蝗科3种蝗虫的16S rDNA序列片段，并从GenBank中下载了斑腿蝗科3种、其它蝗科10种及蚱总科2种的16S rDNA相应序列片段，然后对这共计38种蝗亚目昆虫的16S rDNA序列片段进行了同源性比较，以其中2种蚱作外群构建了蝗总科的分子系统树，得到的结论如下：1斑腿蝗科并非是一单系群。2该科中的切翅蝗亚科、稻蝗亚科、黑蝗亚科、秃蝗亚科、卵翅蝗亚科、蔗蝗亚科均不是单系群，分子系统树的聚类结果与基于形态特征的斑腿蝗科的分类体系有较大的出入。3支持将黑蝗亚科和秃蝗亚科合并为一个亚科——秃蝗亚科。4卵翅蝗、伪稻蝗和稻蝗三者有很近的亲缘关系。

Smilax, there are the phylogenetic relationships and distributive pattern to be found based on the combined ITS and maiK. tree: 1 a clade with the African species (S. kraussiana) and Australian species (S. australis), being a sister group; 2 a clade with the S. zeylanica of sect. Macranthae and S. bona-nox of sect. China, the former from Southeast Asia and latter native to US, showing they are a sister species which is disjunctive between Asia-North America, similar to the species pair of S. hispida and S. sieboldii; 3 S. perfoliata from Indonesia being sister to S. ocreata of China and S. megacarpa of Indonesia, which are very similar to each other in morphology; 4 the three species from China (S. lanceifolia, S. perfoliata and S. chapaensis) and S.ovalifolia from Indonesia showing a 87-92% bts monophyletic clade; 5 S.bracteata from China and two species of Indonesia (S. leucophylla and S. sp.) forming a clade in the ITS tree; 6 S.

通过比较研究圆锥花序组和穗菝葜组的地理分布，基于ITS及matK联合数据构建的系统树发现下列明显的具系统发育关系的类群及地理分布模式：1来自非洲的S.kraussiana和来自澳大利亚的S.australis是一对姐妹群，具有共同的祖先；2圆锥花序组的S.zeylanica和菝葜组的S.bona-nox形成一个紧密的分支，前者分布于东亚而后者只局限于美国，显示了一种类似于S.sieboldii和S.hispida那样的东亚—北美间断分布模式；3印度尼西亚的S.perfoliata是分布于中国的S.ocreata和来自印尼S.megacarpa的姐妹群，这三者在形态上也非常接近，表明具有共同祖先；4来自中国的三个种(S.lanceifolia，S.perfoliata and S.chapanensis)和来自印尼的S.ovalifolia形成了一个高支持率的单系分支(87-92％bts)；5基于ITS的系统树，来自中国的S.bracteata和来自印度尼西亚的两个种S.leucophylla and S.sp。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失