系统学

OBJECTIVE To design and develop a clinical pharmacokinetics and individual drug dosage regimens system CPKDP program for estimating individual pharmacokinetic parameters and optimizing individualizing dosage regimens using routine clinical data of plasma levels. METHODS According to the principle of population pharmacokinetics and Bayes" formula, CPKDP program was written with FOXPRO 2.6 and BORLAND C++ 3.1, and was run on 486 microcomputer with UCDOS 5.0. RESULTS CPKDP program was adapted for drugs with different characteristics of pharmacokinetics, and for single dose or multiple dose administration. Using 1 or 2 measured drug concentrations, individual patient"s pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated based on population-average pharm-acokinetic parameters. CONCLUSION CPKDP program is applied for estimating pharmacokinetic parameters and optimizing drug therapy in individual patients.

目的为利用临床常规监测的血药浓度数据估算病人的个体药动学参数，优化给药方案，设计、研制了临床药动学给药个体化系统CPKDP程序方法依据群体药动学原理及Bayes公式，CPKDP程序用FOXPRO 2.6和BORLAND C++ 3.1开发，在希望汉字系统UCDOS 5.0平台上运行结果CPKDP程序适用于具有不同药动学特征的多种药物，适用于不同给药途径的单剂量或多剂量给药在群体药动学参数的基础上，结合病人个体特征，以1，2个血药浓度作为反馈，即可拟合估算个体药动学参数，优化给药方案结论经初步应用，CPKDP程序是应用Bayes反馈法开展临床个体化给药工作非常实用的工具

Visual Rice Growth Models system represented an effort to design crop modeling software with object-oriented paradigm and to organize classes in system with model-document-view architecture. Firstly, the crop-environment system was abstracted as many subsystems and physiological processes with object-oriented paradigm while many classes were established to simulate the behaviors of these subsystems and physiological processes. In VRGM, the document-view architecture in Visual C++ was extended as model-document-view architecture for agricultural integrated system. In the model-document-view architecture, document gets the final simulation results by manipulating the models classes and acts as a communicating intermediacy between model and view. Views display the simulation results and translate users' operation and data entering to document. The architecture separates the domain models, data management and user interface.

中文题名可视水稻生长模型与智能栽培专家系统的研制副题名外文题名 Studies on visual rice growth models and cultivation expert system of computational intelligence 论文作者米湘成导师邹应斌研究员学科专业作物栽培学与耕作学研究领域\研究方向作物模拟与专家系统学位级别博士学位授予单位湖南农业大学学位授予日期2001 论文页码总数64页关键词作物生长模拟生长模型水稻馆藏号BSLW /2003 /S126 /2 本研究系国家"九五"攻关项目"水稻大面积高产综合配套技术研究与示范"课题的子专题，并结合水稻高产栽培技术资料和水稻专家的知识、经验以及科研成果，研制成了可视水稻生长模型(Visual Rice Growth Models，VRGM)及水稻高产栽培专家系统，并在此基础上进一步利用人工神经网络模型、模糊逻辑技术和田间栽培试验，对生长模型和专家系统进行了改进。

This thesis includes eight chapters: chapter 1 introduces the development background and target; chapter 2 expatiates the primary algorithms of cryptography; chapter 3 explains feasibility research report; chapter 4 shows the requirement analysis report; chapter 5 summarizes the preliminary design report; chapter 6 includes detailed design report and partial source codes; chapter 7 discusses the software testing report; chapter 8 acquires a whole-length summarization.

本文共分为8章：第1章介绍密码学综合实验系统的开发背景与目标；第2章阐述了密码学的主要加解密算法及原理；第3章为该系统的可行性研究报告；第4章是需求分析报告；第5章叙述了系统的概要设计；第6章介绍了系统的详细设计及部分编码；第7章为该系统的软件测试报告；第8章是对全文的总结。

There exits several MDO algorithms. But they are in our opinion either nonefficient or complicated. So we devised an algorithm called Subspace Approximation Optimization . In the SAO algorithm, the whole system is decomposed into one system-level optimization and several disciplinary optimizations so that a large and complicated problem can be divided into several easy-solving sub-problems. The coupling relationships and the coordination among disciplines are presented by equality constraints and these equality constraints are assigned to relevant disciplines. The optimums of design variables in system level optimization are transferred to discipline level optimization. The optimums of design variables in discipline level correspond to the point that is the nearest to the optimums of design variables in system level. If the optimums of design variables in system level are out of feasible region of discipline 1eve1, linear constraints can be built in the system level optimization using the design variable optimums obtained by the discipline level optimization. The system level optimization would improve the design of the whole system with these linear constraints.

目前，国内外已经发展出了多种飞机多学科设计优化算法，本文的重点是针对协同优化算法的不足，提出了子空间近似优化算法(Subspace ApproximatingOptimization，SAO)，SAO算法中，整个系统的优化问题被分解成一个系统级优化和若干学科级优化，而各个学科之间的耦合与权衡关系则被当作等式约束，这些等式约束将被分配到各个学科级优化中去，系统级优化的任务是寻找整个系统的最优解，而学科级优化的目标函数是以系统级优化分配下来的设计点为圆心的超球半径的平方，因此，如果系统级优化分配下来的设计点在学科级优化可行域内，则学科级优化目标函数为0，反之，则学科级优化的最优点是系统级优化当前设计点距离可行域最近的点。

Study of the systematic significance of some pollen characters revealed that the systematic position of these five Salsola species were analyzed based on the pollen morphology. Mover, the relationship between the number of the aperture and systematic position of species was discussed.

同时，研究从孢粉学角度初步分析了该属植物的系统演化关系，孢粉学特征揭示的系统演化关系与前人基于外部形态特征建立的猪毛菜属分组演化系统相一致，此外，还对五种植物的花粉萌发孔数量与其系统进化地位的关系进行了初步的探讨。

To discuss phylogenesis of avian and to solute puzzle of taxology through avian acoustics,which integrate with morphologic,ecology,behavior and molecular biology and so on,is the primary trend of modern studies of avian vocalizations.

鸟声学与形态学、行为学、生态学、分子生物学等多学科相结合，探讨鸟类物种独立性、系统发育及帮助解决其它学科解决分类疑难是现代鸟声学应用于系统发育研究的主要趋势。

Accident prevention;Anaesthesiology;Ball compression test;Classes of protection;Classification;Classification systems;Clearances;Colour codes;Design;Determinations;Dictionaries;Dimensions;Earth conductors;Earthing;Electric appliances;Electric contact protection;Electric enclosures;Electric mains;Electric power systems;Electric shocks;Electrical accidents;Electrical appliances;Electrical engineering;Electrical equipment;Electrical medical equipment;Electrical protection equipment;Electrical safety;Electrically-operated devices;Electromagnetic compatibility;Electromedicine;Electrostatics;EMC;Enclosures;Environmental conditions;Equipment;Equipment safety;Explosion protection;Fire safety;General conditions;Graphic symbols;Hot-mandrel;Impact testers;Inspection;Instructions for use;Insulating enclosures;Insulations;Leakage paths;Letterings;Lists;Marking;Measurement;Mechanical safety;Medical equipment;Medical radiology;Medical sciences;Medical technology;Occupational safety;Operational instructions;Protection coverings;Qualification tests;Radiation protection;Safety;Safety devices;Safety engineering;Safety regulations;Safety requirements;Safety signs;Specification;Strength of materials;Surveys;Symbols;Temperature;Test atmospheres;Test equipment;Testing;Testing conditions;Testing voltages;Transformers

中文主题词事故预防；麻醉学；球压试验；防护等级；分类；分类系统；清除；色码；设计；测定；词典；尺寸；文献；接地导线；接地；电接触保护；电气外壳；电力干线；电力系统；电击；电气事故；电气器具；电气工程；电气设备；医用电气设备；电气保护设备；电气安全；电驱动装置；电磁兼容性；电医学；静电学；外壳；环境条件；设备；设备安全；防爆；防火安全；一般条件；图形符号；热卷筒；冲击试验器；检验；使用说明；绝缘外壳；绝缘；漏电路径；文字书写；表；作标记；测量；机械安全；医疗设备；医学放射学；医学科学；医疗技术学；职业安全；保护覆盖层；合格试验；辐射防护；安全；安全装置；安全工程；安全规则；安全要求；安全标志；规范；材料强度；调查；符号；温度；试验大气环境；试验设备；试验；试验条件；试验电压；变压器

The following steps were taken:(1) design of a grading system model;(2) determination of proportions of histologic grades by naked-eye evaluation and by digital measurement;(3) evaluation of metastasis according to proportions of grades;(4) determination of the influence of site of grade 3 in nodal metastasis;(5) design of a Gleason-like scoring system; and (6) statistical evaluation.

接着，我们进行了以下步骤：（1）设计好我们的分级系统；（2）肉眼和计算机软件分别评估确定各级组织学图像所占比例；（3）根据各级组织学图像所占比例来评估淋巴结转移情况；（4）得出3级组织学图像在瘤组织不同区域对淋巴结转移的影响；（5）设计出Gleason样的评分分级系统；（6）统计分析。

Based on the current view of molecular systematics(Wang Ma-li,2008),believe that the Peranemaceae and the Woodsiaceae have the distant relationships,the Peranemaceae is close to the Dryopteriaceae s.l..

目前依据分子系统学的观点，认为球盖蕨科和岩蕨科的亲缘关系较远，球盖蕨科与鳞毛蕨科亲缘关系较近。

The results of dendrogam were consistent with the previous conclusion of morphologic classification and cytotaxonomy, and suggested RAPD was suitable for analysis of phylogenetic relationships among species of Oxya .

聚类图所呈现的种间关系与传统的形态及细胞分类学结果基本一致，5种稻蝗亲缘关系的远近程度得以清楚显示，说明RAPD技术在稻蝗属种间分子系统学研究中具有很好的适用性。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。