系统学

The journal covers all aspects of the biology and control of insects and other arthropods of medical and veterinary importance, mainly including transmission dynamics, parasitology and immunology, behaviour, biosystematics, ecology and environmental, physical, chemical and biological control methods etc.

该杂志涵盖了生物学与昆虫控制以及其他具有医学与兽医学重要性的节肢动物的所有方面，内容主要涉及传输动力学、寄生虫学与免疫学、行为学、生物系统学、生态学以及环境，物理，化学与生物控制方法等等。

The kinds of nuclear protein-coding genes were more than ribosome genes in insect phylogenetic analyses, but most of them were only applied to phylogenetic analyses of Diptera and Lepidoptera,and few gen...

与核糖体基因相比，虽然编码蛋白的核基因应用于昆虫分子系统学的种类不少，但大部分都是应用于双翅目和鳞翅目昆虫的分子系统学研究中，能够成功地普遍用于多个目昆虫的系统学研究的核基因并不多。

The methods and data of phytomorphology. phytotomy, phytoembryology. palynology. phytocytota.xonomy. phytochemistry and molecular systematics are referred to summarize the systematic status of the genus Gnetum in this paper.

本文参考植物形态学、植物解剖学、植物胚胎学、孢粉学、植物细胞分类学、植物化学和分子系统学等方面的资料，对买麻藤属植物的系统学位置进行总结。

Tricholoma may be a paraphyletic genus two. The collections identified as T. caligatum is a mixture. Some parts of them from France are members of T. matsutake, the other parts from North America are closed to T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum. Tricholoma robustum and T. focale form a clade which is obviously a sister group of the stirp Subannulate. The stirp Caligata was defined as a group mainly on the basis of the predominant veil. But from the result of molecular systematic analysis, the presence of veil is not a stable character in the matsutake group. Species having symbiosis with conifers and broad leaf tree are all transformed from those whose host specificity is not strict. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences resembled the tree of NJ algorithm based on cladistic coding. In the phylogenetic tree based on morphylogical characters, T. zangii and T. bakamatsutake form a clade, but it is the result of convergent evolution as suggested by molecular analyses. The distribution area of the matsutake group can be divided into six regions: middle and northern Europe region, Mediterranean region, Hengduan Mount.— Southeastern Tibet region, Northeastern China—Japan—Far-east Russia region, the Atlantic—North America region and the Rocky Mountain region. The abundance center of the matsutake group are Hengduan Mount.—Southeastern Tibet region and the Rocky Mountain region. Hengduan Mount.

松口蘑群的分子系统学研究得出的结果有：由于粗壮口蘑和羽衣口蘑明显和亚环族(Tricholoma，section subannulate)的种类是来自同一个谱系，和其它松口蘑群的种不具有最近共同祖先，因此松口蘑群是一个多系群；松口蘑群和口蘑属其他种类的亲缘关系比和蜜环菌属更接近；梭柄松苞菇和松口蘑群的差距明显小于油黄口蘑(T.flavovirens)和棕灰口蘑；口蘑属是一个多系群；鉴定为欧洲口蘑的标本明显不是一个单系群，其中一部分是松口蘑，另一部分和黄褐口蘑及傻松口蘑(T.bakamatsutake)比较接近；划分松口蘑群的标准是菌环的存在，但从分子系统学的结果来看，菌环的存在与否并非是一个很稳定的性状；和针叶树专性共生及和阔叶树专性共生均由寄主专化性不强的种类转化而来；在形态学系统发育树上青冈口蘑和傻松口蘑被聚为一个分枝，分子系统学的研究结果表明，这是趋同进化的结果；用支序方法编码作出的NJ树的结果更接近ITS序列的结果。

In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Chinese Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae, while ascertain or confirm the phylogenetic placements of all ten Chinese endemic genera by means of morphology, cytology and molecular systematics.

本研究综合形态学、细胞学和分子系统学等多学科的手段和方法，以中国芹亚科为重点研究对象，集中探讨中国芹亚科类群的系统演化关系同时确立中国伞形科10个特有属的系统学位置。

Abstracts of Entomology provides the most extensive references to entomological studies from nearly 5,500 international serial publications derived from the BIOSIS Previews database on agronomy, integrated pest management, biochemistry, parasitology, economic entomology, suburban entomology, genetics, and systematics.

该数据库收录了5，500多种国际期刊昆虫学方面的文摘信息，内容涵盖农学、病害综合治理、生物化学、寄生虫学，经济昆虫学、城郊昆虫学、遗传学和系统学等学科。

The concrete work include: First, we consult a lot of herbarium specimen from PE, NAS, IFP and XJA etc.; Second, we collect more than 100 species of Brassicaceae from Xinjiang, Jilin and Shandong; Third, we study the phylogeny of Brassicaceae from China to approach some divergence on the tribe, genera and species of Brassicaceae using many ways including morphology, micromorphology and molecular systematics, furthermore, estimate the significance of every index.

2确定了两种模式植物-拟南芥与盐芥的系统学位置和系统学关系，认为两者分别归于拟南芥属和盐芥属，其亲缘关系较远，拟南芥属靠近须弥芥属、荠属、亚麻荠属、旗杆芥属、无苞芥属、糖芥属以及垂果南芥等，而盐芥属靠近山嵛菜属和沟子荠属，对于它们的深入认识，为两种模式植物在进化领域研究物种抗逆适应与趋异分化提供了一个不可多得的比较模式系统，以及更多可供比较的物种，具有重要的应用价值。

In this study, we sequenced the intron 2 of mitochondrial nad1 gene to study the phylogeny of Oryzeae, in particular emphasizing the systematic position of Porteresia, a monotypic genus of Oryzeae with the only species P. coarctata.

本研究选用nad1基因的第2内含子序列探讨了稻族Oryzeae的系统发育关系，并着重分析了单型属Porteresia的系统学位置，并在此基础上探讨了nad1基因内含子序列的系统学意义以及空位性状在系统发育重建中的价值。

The methods of classical classification, integrating the study on seed morphology and leave epidemics morphology, along with phytomorphology, phytotomy, phytoembryology, palynology, phytocytotaxonomy, phytochemistry and molecular systcmatics, were used to revise and complete the former taxonomic system.

以经典植物分类学方法为基础，结合种子形态学和叶表皮形态学的实验研究，参考植物形态学、植物解剖学、植物胚胎学、孢粉学、植物细胞分类学、植物化学和分子系统学等方面的资料，对前人的五味子属分类系统进行修订和补充。

It publishes original research, reviews, opinions and correspondence in systematics and evolutionary and interactive biology. The topics include taxonomic works in zoology, application of systematics in biological control, agriculture, aquaculture, medical and veterinary zoology, cladistics, experimental taxonomy, parasitology, ecology, behavior and the interaction of organisms with their environment.

该杂志主要发表有关系统学、进化和交互生物学的原创性论文、综述、观点以及通讯等，其内容涵盖动物分类学，系统学在生物控制、农学、水产中的应用，药物和畜牧动物学，遗传分类学，实验分类学，寄生虫学，生态学，行为以及生物与环境的相互影响等。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。