系统地计划

It is the important objective of the core project "Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems" of International Geosphere Biosphere Project to prodict the feedback of terrestrial ecosystems on atmosphere and climate and the responses of the structure and function of ecosystems, natural and managed, to global change in finer scales.

预测陆地生态系统对大气和气候的反馈作用及在更微观的尺度上预测全球变化对自然和农业生态系统的结构和功能的效应是国际地圈－生物圈计划的核心项目"全球变化与陆地生态系统"的重要研究目标。

Iii. The paper studies and determines the improvement modes of the systems, designs the establishment principle, the project and the format of master planning schedule and establishes the improvement projects of material requirements planning.

设计了系统改进的模式，建立了相应的编制原则；根据济发生产实际，创建了主生产计划和物料需求计划的编制方案和格式，并对方案的编制方法进行了详细地研究和例证。

Accurate load forecasts will lead to economical and reasonable scheduling of a unit commitment, maintaining security and stability of power network operations, scheduling reasonable maintenance plan, reducing generating costs efficiently.

电力系统负荷预测是电力系统中的一项重要工作，准确的负荷预测，有利于合理安排发电机组的起停，保持电网运行的安全稳定性，合理安排机组检修计划，并能有效地降低发电成本。

With this requirement, The paper brings forward the Visual Time Controlling System for the project of railroading which be able to visually express process of the constructed item of road, bridge, railway, station and so on. The system can make with vivid show and progress statistic to adjust progress and amend plan comparing with the Real-time construction circs.

形象化工程进度控制系统就是在这种需求下提出的进度控制系统，能够形象化地表示出铁路建设工程中路、桥、轨道、车站等施工对象的施工进度，做出清晰的表示及进度统计，便于针对实时的施工情况，调整进度、修改计划。

Through the schedules of the service management model, a resource subagent retrieves autonomously metric values from managed resources and calculates SLA parameters without being triggered by an external client The model can executed automatically the monitor and management functionality of SLA and thus reduces the overhead significantly.

业务管理模型的资源子代理通过进度计划，能自觉请求检索新度量和计算SLA参数，无需外部客户触发，使模型的SLA监视和管理功能自动地执行，有效地降低了系统开销。

To establish an automatic target drawing system, and thus to advance the current 3D imaging technology so as to improve accuracy of HIFU treatment. The ultimate objective is to optimate the HIFU treatment system.

第二部分MRI组织识别模式的建立与靶区自动勾画研究研究的内容主要包括：(1)以MRI等图像为基础，对生物组织结构进行识别分析的技术实施研究；(2)为HIFU治疗建立一个比较精确的靶区自动勾画系统，从而进一步地三维成像，为HIFU治疗精确控制提供依据，也有利于建立更为完整的HIFU治疗计划系统。

So, city should be regarded as a life system,similar to other ones. At the same time,city isdesigned for human beings. And the most important choice of biological construction in 21 century is toconstruct some crowded, mixed functional buildings and avoid planless land use as much as possible.

因此，城市应被看作是一个生命系统，类似于其它生命系统，诸如生物体一样共同遵循生态法则，同时城市应回到为人而设计的初衷。21世纪的人类生态建设最重要的选择就是根据&就近原理&建设一些密集的多功能的复合型建筑，尽可能地避免无计划地使用土地。

With the support of a major research grant of Zhejiang Province (No. 001101027) and the Plan of Promoting Education of Excellence of Zhejiang University in the 21st Century, this dissertation is devoted to address the above problems and fabricate an L-band EDFA with low cost, high performance and technological innovation.First the mechanism of an erbium doped fiber amplifier is introduced. Various theoretical models based on classical rate propagation equations are summarized and compared for their applications. We use a modified numerical model based on the Giles model, which agrees with the experimental results well. This serves as the theoretical base for the whole thesis and will be used to optimize the characteristics of EDFAs. A novel method based on a map of noise figure and gain is proposed to analyze efficiently the dependence of the noise figure and gain for EDFAs on the EDF length and the pump power. The characteristics of various EDFAs are studied and compared.Secondly, some important parameters are introduced to describe the characteristics of EDFAs. The methods and the experimental setups for measuring the gain and noise figure of an EDFA are emphasized. We introduce how to measure the characteristics of each component of an EDFA, especially the gain and absorption coefficient of an erbium doped fiber.Thirdly, four types of simple and novel L-band EDFA structures with low noise, high gain and low gain ripple are proposed to satisfy the requirement of a DWDM system. They can be classified into two categories. In the first category, a single ASE pumping is served asa secondary pump. This category includes the following three types. Type: a new construction using a fiber Bragg grating in an unpumped EDF section at the input side. Type: a new structure of L-Band EDFA with two-stage pumps, which utilizes the forward ASE as a second pump.

本论文本着科技创新、服务于生产实践的精神，以设计价格低廉，性能优越、结构合理简单的L-band EDFA为目标，依托浙江省科技厅重大科学基金资助项目(001101027)和浙江大学振兴教育计划资助的全光网络的搭建—《光通信技术》课程实验建设项目，展开了如下工作：首先，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器的工作原理，归纳总结了基于速率方程基础的EDFA的各种理论模型，分析比较了各个模型的特点和适用场合，最终选择完善的Giles理论模型作为本论文分析设计EDFA的理论基础；针对实际实验条件提出了修正的EDFA模型的数值计算方法；创新地提出了增益—噪声系数全局分析法，直观有效地分析了EDFA的增益和噪声系数与掺铒光纤长度和泵浦功率的依赖关系，并对各种EDFA的性能作了全面的比较；第二，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器特性参数的定义与测量方法，重点介绍了噪声系数和增益系数的测量方法及实验装置；介绍了组成掺铒光纤放大器各组件的特性测量方法，重点介绍了测量掺铒光纤参数的方法和实验装置；第三，针对WDM系统对L-band EDFA谱平坦、低噪声、高增益的要求，我们创新地提出了四种不同的L-band EDFA结构，按设计思路可以分为两大类：一类是基于单抽运二级泵浦法，这一类包括在未泵浦掺铒光纤的输入端插入一根布拉格光纤光栅的两段L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于前向ASE光作为二级泵浦源推动下一级EDF工作的泵浦分配、两段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于单根光纤光栅、泵浦分配、两段级联的EDFA；另一类则是基于同时应用前后向C-band ASE作二级泵浦源的双抽运法，如基于前后向ASE光作为二级泵浦源的三段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构。

As a core of the computer aided manufacturing system for semiconductor material, it well solved the computed problem of order management, synthetically analyzing and counterpoising capability for silicon material manufacturing resource.

作为我国自主开发的第一套半导体材料计算机辅助制造系统的核心模块，该系统合理地解决了硅材料生产的订单管理、生产资源的综合分析和生产能力平衡的计算，并能自动生成生产计划。

The Hoover Dam, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the interstate highway system, the Internet, the Human Genome Project—time and again, government investment has helped pave the way for an explosion of private economic activity.

曾经多次地，政府投资在胡佛水坝（Hoover Dam，位于美国内华达州的东南部跟亚利桑纳州西北部的交界处，是美国最大的人工水库，同时也是美国七大现代土木工程奇迹之一），田纳西河流域管理局（Tennessee Valley Authority，一个国有、跨州、综合开发利用田纳西河流域自然资源的管理系统），州际公路系统，互联网系统，人类基因研究计划等项目中为私营经济的腾飞铺平了道路。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。