系统发育

Gastropoda's systematics has seen a recent boost from the end of last century, with the rapid developments of morphology and molecular biology technologies as well as the application of new systematic classification methods.

近年来，随着形态学和分子生物学技术的不断发展，新的系统分类方法的应用、新的动物类群的发现，使得腹足类系统发育及其分类学研究有了很大的进展。

The phylogenetic analysis of Gymnothorax was reported in this paper by being based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial Cytb gene.17 species of Cytb gene full-length sequences were obtained and their length of Cytb gene was 1140bp.All sequences were analysised by using biological software, the phylogenetic tree was constructed by using three kinds of common contribution phylogenetic tree methods and the phylogeny of 17 species of Gymnothorax was deduced.

本论文采用线粒体Cytb基因为分子标记，共获得裸胸鳝属鱼类17种Cytb基因序列全长为1140bp的部分序列，应用分子生物学软件对结果进行分析，使用3种常见的建树方法：NJ法、ME法和MP法重建系统发育树，对裸胸鳝属17种鱼类的系统关系进行研究，为探讨裸胸鳝属鱼类的分子进化，确定它们之间的关系提供分子生物学方面的证据。

Further study was carried on the cpDNA matK in Hamamelidaceae and its systematic significance (the sequences of matK of some species have been obtained, and the research have been funded by NSFC), and molecular and systematic study were also carried on Magnoliaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Labiatae.

在此基础上，开始了对金缕梅科叶绿体DNA mtK基因及其系统学意义的研究（已测定部分种类的matK基因序列，并获国家自然科学基金国际合作项目的连续资助），同时对木兰科，红树科，唇形科植物类群开展了分子系统发育研究。

To obtain a better understanding of the microbiota inhabiting the intestinal tract of wood-feeding lower termites, the European subterranean termite, Reticulitermes santonensis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), was used as a model system.

为了对木食性白蚁肠道共生微生物有一个全面的了解，以揭示白蚁肠道共生微生物在木质纤维素消化中的作用，本论文在国际上首次报道了应用分子克隆，DNA指纹分析，及荧光原位杂交等多种先进的分子生物学技术，以散白蚁Reticulitermes santonensis为模式系统研究低等木食性白蚁肠道内不同微生态环境中细菌的区系结构及多样化和主要细菌类群在该白蚁肠道的分布与定位等问题，并研究了与散白蚁Reticulitermes flavipes肠道共生鞭毛虫P.vertens相关的共生细菌的系统发育类型。

To obtain a better understanding of the microbiota inhabiting the intestinal tract of wood-feeding lower termites, the European subterranean termite, Reticulitermes santonensis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), was used as a model system. The diversity and structure of the bacterial community in the different niches of the gut, as well as the distribution and location of major bacterial phylotypes within the intestinal tract was evaluated using various molecular techniques such as clonal analysis, DNA fingerprinting, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. In addition, the symbiotic bacteria associated with the flagellate, Pyrsonympha vertens in the gut of the closely related Eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes , were phylogenetically characterized.

为了对木食性白蚁肠道共生微生物有一个全面的了解，以揭示白蚁肠道共生微生物在木质纤维素消化中的作用，本论文在国际上首次报道了应用分子克隆，DNA指纹分析，及荧光原位杂交等多种先进的分子生物学技术，以散白蚁Reticulitermes santonensis为模式系统研究低等木食性白蚁肠道内不同微生态环境中细菌的区系结构及多样化和主要细菌类群在该白蚁肠道的分布与定位等问题，并研究了与散白蚁Reticulitermes flavipes肠道共生鞭毛虫P.vertens相关的共生细菌的系统发育类型。

The Magnoliaceae plants not only have scientific value in study on the origination and system phylogenetic evolution of angiosperm, but also are important components to sustain forest's ecosystem equilibrium and conserve biodiversity.

木兰科植物不仅在研究被子植物起源和系统发育进化中有重要的科学价值，而且在维持森林生态系统平衡和生物多样性保护中也起着重要作用。

The earliest phylogenetic system is generally reckoned to be that of Martius'former assistant, A.

最早的系统发育分类系统，大概要数Martius的前助手A.W。

Combined with phylogenetic reconstruction of the plant groups, and studies on ornithophily in these taxa, it is possible to elucidate the emergence and evolution of the bird-flower coevolution in the Old World.

结合植物类群的系统发育研究以及对其鸟类传粉现象的认识，可以系统地了解鸟类传粉在旧世界温带地区的起源与演化，以及鸟一花协同进化的过程。

Combined with phylogenetic reconstruction of the plant groups, and studies on ornithophily in these taxa, it is possible to elucidate the emergence and evolution of the bird-flower coevolution in the Old World.

结合植物类群的系统发育研究以及对其鸟类传粉现象的认识，可以系统地了解鸟类传粉在旧世界温带地区的起源与演化，以及鸟-花协同进化的过程。

Pelobatidae is very importance in the phylogeny of anurans, but the phylogenetic relationships and taxology of this family (including subfamily, genus and subgenus )have yet produced long-time conflicting viewpoint among different researchers both domestic and abroad.

锄足蟾科在无尾两栖类的系统进化中处于极其重要的地位，长期来对该科各亚科、属、亚属的划分以及系统发育关系等问题，国内外学者尚存分歧意见。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。