系统发育

It mainly covers the original research articles on anatomy, botanical history, chemotaxonomy, morphology, paleobotany, phylogenetic systematics, taxonomy, and phytogeography.

主要收录原始论文，范围涵盖解剖学、植物史、化学分类学、形态学、古植物学、系统发育系统学、分类学和植物地理学。

Pollen morphology are helpful for systematic classification of Rubus, but more information on palynology is needed to understand phylogeny of the genus.

分析认为，悬钩子属的花粉形态特征对该属的系统分类有一定的参考价值，但要合理地阐释其系统发育意义，仍需积累更多的信息。

This paper summarizes the appropriate range of some DNA sequences that are commonly used in current pteridophyte molecular phylogenetics, which comprises sequences from three plant genomes (chloroplast, nucleo-tide, and mitochondria), especially focuses on the usage of chloroplast DNA regions.

本文综述了目前蕨类分子系统发育研究中常用的DNA序列分析，它们分别来自叶绿体基因组、核基因组和线粒体基因组，着重阐明叶绿体基因在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用。

Additionally, our results showed that the phylogenetic relationships based on the morphological characteristics of their secondary structures are consistent with those inferred from the primary structures and other features, and this fact suggests that the molecular morphology is also the valuable source for the phylogenetic consideration.

此外，苔藓动物主要类群中，基于28S rDNA多变区二级结构的分子形态学特征比较和基于一级结构的分子系统学结论基本吻合，提示它们同样包含着重要的系统发育信息。

Currently, it focuses on the taxonomic study, molecular systematics, zoogeography and Evolutionary biology of Hemiptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera based on the morphology and by using molecular systematic and biogeography methods.

目前本所主要集中于应用形态学、分子系统学、生物地理学等方法进行半翅目、双翅目及鳞翅目昆虫的分类学、分子系统发育、动物地理学和进化生物学的研究，同时还进行昆虫生理生化、昆虫病理学、害虫防治等方面的研究。

It is valuable for science research in phylogeny, systematic classification, species evolution of Caprifoliaceae and a excellent ornamental treespecies.

它在研究忍冬科系统发育、系统分类和物种进化等方面具有重要科学价值，又是优良的观赏树木。

The phylogenetic analyses revealed three groups within Cyprinidae. The subfamily Danioninae was on the base, Barbine and Leuciscine formed sister group.

系统发育树的拓扑结构显示鲤科鱼类分为三个类群，波鱼类群位于系统树的基部，鲃系与雅罗鱼系互为姊妹群。

Japonica. Brief speculation on the evolutionary trend of the seed-coat micromorphological features of the genus Kadsura is discussed.Cladistic principles and methods have been employed in this study. The morphological characters have been polarized for phylogenetic analysis. Cladograms have been gotten with the related genus Illicium as the outgroup. As a result, a new system of the genus Kadsura has been reconstructed.

整理有关南五味子属植物研究的资料，补充搜集整理近期发表的资料和作者研究所得的数据，采用分支系统学的原理及方法，对本属植物的形态性状进行分析，确定性状极性，以种为基本进化单元，选择近缘且原始的八角属Illicium作为外类群，采用PAUP软件，对本研究得出的性状数据作系统分析，重建南五味子属的系统发育。

Having failed to follow the principle of common ancestry in the reconstruction of angiosperm phylogeny and having misinterpreted the concepts of monophyly and polyphyly, the "Eight-Class System" of the classification of angiosperms is considered to be an artificial one.

由于没有接受植物系统发育重建研究中共同遵守的共同祖先原理，而且混淆使用了&单系&和&多系&的概念，可以认为&八纲系统&是人为性很强的被子植物分类系统。

Smilax, there are the phylogenetic relationships and distributive pattern to be found based on the combined ITS and maiK. tree: 1 a clade with the African species (S. kraussiana) and Australian species (S. australis), being a sister group; 2 a clade with the S. zeylanica of sect. Macranthae and S. bona-nox of sect. China, the former from Southeast Asia and latter native to US, showing they are a sister species which is disjunctive between Asia-North America, similar to the species pair of S. hispida and S. sieboldii; 3 S. perfoliata from Indonesia being sister to S. ocreata of China and S. megacarpa of Indonesia, which are very similar to each other in morphology; 4 the three species from China (S. lanceifolia, S. perfoliata and S. chapaensis) and S.ovalifolia from Indonesia showing a 87-92% bts monophyletic clade; 5 S.bracteata from China and two species of Indonesia (S. leucophylla and S. sp.) forming a clade in the ITS tree; 6 S.

通过比较研究圆锥花序组和穗菝葜组的地理分布，基于ITS及matK联合数据构建的系统树发现下列明显的具系统发育关系的类群及地理分布模式：1来自非洲的S.kraussiana和来自澳大利亚的S.australis是一对姐妹群，具有共同的祖先；2圆锥花序组的S.zeylanica和菝葜组的S.bona-nox形成一个紧密的分支，前者分布于东亚而后者只局限于美国，显示了一种类似于S.sieboldii和S.hispida那样的东亚—北美间断分布模式；3印度尼西亚的S.perfoliata是分布于中国的S.ocreata和来自印尼S.megacarpa的姐妹群，这三者在形态上也非常接近，表明具有共同祖先；4来自中国的三个种(S.lanceifolia，S.perfoliata and S.chapanensis)和来自印尼的S.ovalifolia形成了一个高支持率的单系分支(87-92％bts)；5基于ITS的系统树，来自中国的S.bracteata和来自印度尼西亚的两个种S.leucophylla and S.sp。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。