系统发育

Based on phylogenetic analysis, this paper reviewed the relationship between hormones including sex hormones and AVT, and vocal production and perception through all anuran species studied to date. We found that in anuran brains the AVT system related to vocal behaviors were very conservative while the sex hormone systems involved in vocal communication might be originated independently from varied taxa of anuran.

本文通过对已做相关研究的所有物种进行系统发育分析，发现中枢神经与鸣叫行为相关的精氨酸加压素系统具有高度的进化保守性，而与鸣叫相关的性激素作用系统可能是多次独立起源的。

A clone from each genotype was randomly selected as representative for sequencing. The obtained 16S rDNA gene sequences had a similarity of 87%-100% with those in the GenBank (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov), and more than half of them had a similarity lower than 97%, being of new species. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the bacteria in the two soils were classified into 10 groups, with 5 groups in common. The dominant bacterial groups in the two soils differed obviously. In primeval forest soil, the dominant group was Proteobacteria, which had 39 genotypes, occupying 58.0% of all the clones; while in the soil of degraded ecosystem the dominant groups were Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, which had 19 and 15 genotypes occupying 32.5% and 30.5% of all the clones, respectively. In the soil of degraded ecosystem, Proteobacteria group decreased while Acidobacteria group increased markedly, compared with those in primeval forest soil.

从每种基因型中随机选择一个克隆子作为代表进行测序分析，所有序列与GenBank数据库中序列的同源性为87%~100%，且两样地中均有超过一半的基因型序列与数据库中已知序列同源性低于97%，属于分类在"种"地位上的新发现细菌；通过系统发育研究将两样地的细菌分为10大类群，两样地共同拥有5大类群，但两样地的细菌优势类群明显不同，原生土壤为Proteobacteria，含39种基因型，占总克隆子数的58.0%，退化生态系统土壤为Acidobacteria和Proteobacteria，分别含19种和15种基因型，占总克隆子数的32.5%和30.5%；与原生土壤细菌类群相比，退化生态系统土壤Proteobacteria类群明显减少，Acidobacteria类群明显增加。

The phylogenetic relationships of Calycanthaceae were investigated by means of molecular systematics, which was based on three DNA sequences from three genomes, including chloroplast DNA trnL-F, nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial matR gene.

本文选取来自于三个基因组—核基因组、线粒体基因组和叶绿体基因组的3个DNA序列片段，对蜡梅科的系统发育进行重建，主要探讨了蜡梅科的系统位置和属间系统演化关系。

Reduction of ovule number as a tendency of speciation in the genus is substantiated by the occurrence of tri_ovulate cones coupled with comprehensive characters of the genus. The metamorphic patterns as well as the leaf nature of the outer envelope indicate that female cones of Ephedra are compound while the female reproductive units of the ovulate cone have been reduced from secondary reproductive shoots similar to those of cordaites by phylogenetic transformation, fusion and reduction. Each fertile bract together with its axillary female reproductive unit composed the Bract Scale and Seed Scale Complex of Ephedra .

基于返祖性畸形三胚珠球花的出现及其他形态特征，认为麻黄属胚珠数目减少是该属内物种特化的一个趋势；利用雌球花发育的畸形现象及外珠被的形态学本质提出麻黄属的雌球果为复轴性构造，雌性生殖单位是由类似于科达类的次级生殖枝构造经系统发育变态、融合、简化成现存的生胚珠构造式样，每一可育苞片及其腋内雌性生殖单位共同组成了麻黄属的苞鳞_种鳞复合体。

Keywords: Dipterocarpaceae; Phylogeny; Evolution; New taxonomic system; Systematic arrangement; Geographic distribution

龙脑香科；系统发育；进化；新分类系统；系统排列；地理分布

The phylogenetic relationships of Fagales were investigated by means of molecular systematics, which was based on six DNA sequences from three genomes, including chloroplast DNA trnL-F, matK, rbcL, and atpB, nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial gene matR.

本文采用来自三个基因组--叶绿体、线粒体和核基因组的六个DNA序列片段，对壳斗目的系统发育进行了重建，主要探讨了壳斗目八个科的科间系统演化关系及不同基因系统树间存在冲突的原因。

Within two groups the phylogery of the glandular hairs in labiatae are also studied and the four elutionary lines of them are eastabilished.

在唇形科腺毛个体发育的基础上，我们对唇形科腺毛的系统发育也进行了研究，描述了唇形科腺毛主要的四条进化路线。

The ontogeny, phylogeny and ultrastruct of the glandular hairs of 5 varieties and 38 species in 26 genera of Labiatae are studied with the light microscopy, the scanning electron microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy in the paper.

本文利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对唇形科26属38种和5变种的腺毛进行了个体发育、系统发育和超微结构的研究。

Botanical experiments are one of important parts linked to the theoretical study of Botany. Through the experiments, students are required to understand the basic theory, knowledge and skills in relation to botanical experiments and study of plants. With the methods and skills learned, students are expectedto have the ability to study the morphogenesis and structure of plant organs in plant ontogenesis as well as morphological characteristics of main plant groups, representative plants, and their positions in plant kingdom and evolution in phylogeny.

植物学实验是植物学理论联系实际的重要课程之一，通过对本课程的学习，要求学生掌握植物学实验的基本理论和基本知识，以及研究植物的一些基本方法和基本技能，并运用这些方法和技能去研究植物个体发育中植物器官的形态建成与结构；学习植物系统发育过程中植物界各大类群主要的形态特征、代表植物，它们在植物界中的地位及演化规律。

This study aims at the dynamic change of water resources and the oasis development and evolution in the Heihe River Basin so as to reveal the special relationship between them and the natural zonality and distribution laws of the oasis development in the basin.

通过探讨流域及绿洲发育及其发展演变的水资源动态变化的特征，阐明它们之间的独特关系，并以此来揭示绿洲系统发育的河流流域地带性问题及特征。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。