系统发育

Since the discovery of their flagellated spermatozoids by Hirase and Ikeno, the general mor- phology and anatomy,the life cycle and the systematic evolution of Ginkgo and cycads have been described in many reports.

自1896年Hirase和Ikeno分别发现银杏和苏铁类植物的游动精子以来，研究人员对它们的生活史、胚胎发育、系统演化等已进行了大量研究。

In this paper, the biological characteristics of florescence, spikelet and inflorescences structure, morphogenesis formation of inflorescence, megasporogenesis and the development of female gametophytes were studied systematically by using anatomy structure, scanning electron microscopic and paraffin section methods. The results were as followed:(1) Phyllostachys praecox was the bamboo flowering fragmentarily; the cultivation changed the characteristic of flowering; the plantlets of flowering were complex and splitted into three kinds: the plantlet flowering before continued flowering; the plantlet flowering before stopped flowering and the plantlet changed into flowering. The inflorescence of Ph. praecox was indefinite inflorescence or called false inflorescence, and actually it was flower stress structure. Its basal unit was pseudospikelet with two kinds: apical spikelet and lateral spikelet. The floret had one lemma, one pelea, three stamens, one pistil and three lodicules.

本研究综合运用形态解剖学、扫描电镜、石蜡切片等技术手段，对雷竹花期生物学特性、小穗与花序构造、花序形态建成过程、大孢子发生与雌配子体发育等进行了较为系统的研究，结果表明：(1)雷竹为零星开花竹种，耕作条件对其开花特性具有重要影响；开花植株类型复杂多样，可以分为以前开过花现在继续开花、以前开过花现在停止开花以及以前未开过花现在转为开花等3种类型；雷竹花序为无限制花序或称&假花序&，实为花枝结构，基本单位为&假小穗&；假小穗有顶生和侧生之分；小花具内外稃各1枚，雄蕊3，雌蕊L，另具3枚大小不等之鳞被。

In this research, the pubertal five-week-old SD rats were chose as experimental object to establish the animal model for simulating maxillary protraction, on which was imposed the orthopedic force of 85g with utilizing the self-devised maxillary protraction appliance. Located lateral X-ray cephalograms were taken to measure and analyze the changes of maxillary development after exerting the orthopedic force for 4 weeks. The technique of immunohistochemistry was used to investigate theexpression of TGF-, in frontomaxillary sutures and palatomaxillary sutures with identical force performing for different extent of time. The average hue was selected as indicator, which was measured by the means of the analysis system of pathological color images. The measuring data were analyzed by the one-way ANOVA in software SPSS 11.0 version.

本研究采用自行设计的上颌前牵引装置，以生长发育期5周龄SD大鼠为实验对象，施加85g的矫形力，建立了模拟上颌前牵引的动物模型，通过X线头影测量分析，观察施力4周后上颌骨的生长发育情况；应用免疫组织化学技术，检测同一力值作用不同时段下TGF-β_1在上颌骨的额颌缝、腭颌缝的表达，彩色病理图象分析系统测定每张切片中阳性染色细胞的平均灰度值，结果采用SPSS 11.0进行方差分析。

We successfully cultivated the spores of P. ensiformis in mixed soil and observed spore germination and gametophytic development by microscopy.

本文报道了成功地采用混合土培养剑叶凤尾蕨的孢子，并系统地观察记录其孢子萌发及配子体发育过程。

The effects of different tillage practice on system of summer sowing soybean (Glucine max CYFeng Shoul2) including soil temperature, soil water and nutrients as well as biomass dynamic with different phonological stage were examined at Xifeng loess plateau, Gansu province.

本研究综合应用生物学、农学、生理生态学和土壤科学的技术与方法，2001年在甘肃西峰黄土旱塬区，以夏种大豆(Glucine max CV丰收12号)为试验材料，采用水土保持耕作技术，对不同耕作方式下土壤温度、水分、养分动态和夏种大豆生长发育、光合生理生态特征进行了系统研究。

Onchidium struma Cuvier; Reproductive system; Gonadial development; Reproductive cycle

中文关键字：瘤背石磺；生殖系统；性腺发育；生殖周期

Morphology of sexual reproduction abortion in'High Noon', a distant hybridization cultivar of tree peonies(P.delavayi var. lutea×P. suffruticasa), was systematically investigated with light microscopy and cross. The results indicated that:(1)The stamens matured earlier than the gynoecia and pollens dispersed at the early stage of anthesis but the rate of normal 2-celled pollens were merely 2.41%.

采用光镜和杂交等方法对牡丹远缘杂交一代品种'正午'有性生殖败育进行系统形态学观察发现：(1)雄蕊较雌蕊先成熟，初花期即散粉，正常2-细胞花粉仅占2·41%，且花粉在多种培养液中、在自身和其它两种柱头上均不萌发；柱头在谢花期大量分泌粘液，进入最佳授粉状态；(2)同一胚珠中多个大孢子母细胞减数分裂高度不同步，胚囊发育与受精延迟，部分胚乳游离核在细胞化时期分裂异常；(3)自花及品种内异花授粉不结实，天然授粉结实率为0·053‰~0·130‰。

Heliothis armigeras humoral immunity will be sure to be affected, including the activity of phenoloxidase after infection with Ovomermis sinensis. These changes will affect the development and growth of the nematodes.

中华卵索线虫感染棉铃虫后，必然会引起宿主体液免疫系统的变化，其中包括酚氧化酶活性的变化；而这种变化会影响中华卵索线虫的生长发育。

These properties produce robust systems that limit the catastrophic consequences of transposon mobilization, which can result in the accumulation of deleterious mutations, changes in gene expression patterns, and conditions such as gonadal hypotrophy and sterility.

这些属性特征构成了一个限制由转座元件活动所造成的严重后果的系统，从而防止转座子侵袭所带来的突变积累，基因表达谱的改变，以及生殖腺发育不良和不育。

Based on the existing data of the Yangtze delta area, a preparatory simulative experiment have been done by the model on the sea-land change course in Yangtze delta area since l0000aBP, and a good simulative effect are obvious from the hypsometric paleotopographic map and 3D color shaded-relief map which exported from the model. That provides a visual scene to analyze and discuss the Yangtze delta evolution, coastline shifting, even the relationship between the ancient civilizations migration and environments.

利用海面—地面系统的模拟模型，对长江三角洲一万年以来的海面—地面变化过程进行了重构和反演，获得了一套该地区的古地貌和海陆关系演变图，它包括等高线、晕渲图、三维图等三种不同表现形式的地形图，为分析讨论长江三角洲地区地貌发育、岸线变迁乃至古代文明的迁徙和兴衰与环境的关系提供了很直观的场景。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。