系统发育

The embryological characters of Castanopsis and Castanea are very similar, thus offer embryological evidence to the sister group relationship previously proposed by molecular study on Fagaceae.

栲属和栗属的胚胎发育是最相似，为壳斗科分子系统学中栲属和栗属是姐妹群的结论提供了胚胎学证据。

Under coaction of endogenic geological processes and water and heat conditions, the drainage development, and water formation and transformation in the inland watershed. were indicated hydrological characteristics of periglacial zone. The hydrological process is mainly related with to changes in mountain areas. It by 41% of precipitation in mountain areas as surface discharge flows into middle and lower reaches, which makes up a main physical basis of the quantitative and qualitative relationship for various functional units in the eco-system in mountain front plain.

在内动力地质、水热条件的共同作用下，内陆河流域上游山区的水系发育、水的形成和转化反映出冰缘带水文学特征，水文过程主要和气候变化相关联，山区降水总量的41％以地表径流形式输入中下游地区，构成山前平原生态系统各功能单元数量与质量关系的主要物质基础。

Three major clusters of numt sequences ( cyt b numt、 ATP8+ATP6 numt and ND4+ tRNA-His+ tRNA-Ser numt) were particularity amplified and sequenced from 10 species within Galliformes and A.galericalata. Comparison numts sequences with homologous mitochondrial partial genes get the different evolutionary characteristics and evolutionary speed compared to mtDNA, then examine the age of insertion of numts using the sequence divergence of numt from the mtDNA. Finally, joined Coturnix japonica、 Coturnix chinensis、 Lophura leucomelana、 Lophura swinhoii and A.albifrons mitochondrial sequences in GenBank, we study the importance function to phylogenetic research of mitochondrial genes and homologous numts.The evolutionary rate of Numts is lower than their authentic sequences of mtDNA, cyt b and ND4 gene evolve faster than homologous numts 2.5 times; ATP8+ATP6 gene evolve faster than numts 18.9 times in Galliformes. Numts show less codon position bias and transition bias under not phylogenetic pressure.

根据2004年3月GenBank登录的红原鸡核基因组草图与其线粒体基因组比对发现红原鸡核基因组中存在3段较长的线粒体假基因，利用PCR方法扩增鸡形目10种鸟类和雁形目中鸳鸯核基因组中3段numt序列：cyt b numt、ATP8及下游ATP6 numt和ND4+tRNA-His+tRNA-Ser numt，测序后分别比较线粒体基因与核同源numt序列的进化特点和进化速率，确定numt序列插入核基因组的时间，以及结合GenBank已登录的日本鹌鹑、蓝胸鹑、黑鹇、蓝鹇和1个雁形目物种——白鹅雁(A.albifrons)相应序列探讨两种同源序列对于鸟类系统进化发育重建的重要作用。

In addition, since Prinsepia utilis has angulaperturate pollen grains in the early stage of pollen development and shars the same character with two taxa Geissois montana and Cunonia capensis under Cunoniaceae, the pollen morphological data supports the viewpoint that Rosaceae may have a systematic relationship with Cunoniaceae under Saxifragales.

此外，由于Prinsepia utilis的花粉在其发育初期具角萌发孔花粉，与Cunoniaceae下的两个类群Geissois montana和Cunonia capensis具有相同的特征，故花粉形态特征在一定程度上支持Rosaceae可能和虎耳草目中的Cunoniaceae有一定系统学联系的观点。

It is a kind of potential environmental endocrine disruptor, similar to the persistent organic pollutants. It can accumulate in the environment and biota and it has adverse effects on the environment and the living creature, such as disrupting the action of hormones related to the skeleton and brain development.

它是一种类似于持久性有机污染物的潜在环境内分泌干扰物，能在环境和生物体内积累，对环境和生物产生严重的影响，如干扰生物的激素系统，影响骨骼和大脑发育等。

Analysis of PcG mutants shows that the PcG system represses genes required for anteroposterior, dorsoventral, and proximodistal patterning of imaginal discs and that it also represses cell cycle regulator genes.

对PcG突变体研究发现，PcG系统表达基因在幼虫发育的前端、背腹以及远端模式都是必须的，同时可抑制细胞分裂调节基因的活性。

On the base of review the research development in tissue culture and genetic transformation, Comparative analyses were made on the callus induction and embryogenetic abilities of anther and non-pollinated ovules of rubber tree. Fluorescence detection was implemented with the different in vitro material of Hevea brasiliensis.

本研究在综述了橡胶树组织培养及遗传转化研究进展的基础上，系统地比较了橡胶花药和未授粉胚珠愈伤组织诱导及体细胞胚胎发生能力，对橡胶树不同离体组织进行荧光背景检测，将在植物胚胎发育时期起重要作用的BBM基因导入橡胶树，对电激法转化游离小孢子细胞以及农杆菌介导花药愈伤组织进行初步探索。

The salty gland of Messerschmidia sibirica is developed from epidermic cell of stem and leaf.

利用石蜡切片法研究了砂引草茎叶的解剖结构，尤其是对泌盐腺的位置、泌盐腺的形态结构及泌盐腺的发生发育过程进行了系统的研究，结果表明：砂引草茎的初生结构维管束是外韧的，且其有10-12束，大小不等，髓和髓射线发达；叶的上下表皮细胞各一层，栅栏组织与海绵组织分化明显。

This paper discusses the distribution type,characteristics and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusion in reservoir systematically on the basis of analyzing the tectonic evolution of Yancheng Depression,the trap formation and evolution of Zhujiadun structure and the genetic and expulsive characteristics of main source rock in Yancheng Depression.

在分析盐城凹陷构造演化史、朱家墩构造圈闭发育史和盐城凹陷主力烃源岩生、排烃特征的基础上，系统研究了朱家墩气藏K2t储层流体包裹体类型、分布特征和均一温度。

This course systematically describes the structure and function, transmission, expression and regulation, and evolution of genetic materials, covering basis of cytology for inheritance, molecular basis of genetic materials, Mendel's principles of inheritance, linkage and sex linkage, genemutation, variations in chromosome structure and number, quantitative genetics, inbreeding and heterosis, inheritance of bacteria and viruses, extranuclear inheritance, gene engineering, genomics, gene expression and regulation, developmental genetics, population genetics and evolution.

本课程全面系统地介绍遗传物质的结构与功能、遗传物质的传递、遗传物质的表达与调控、遗传物质的进化等，包括遗传的细胞学基础、遗传物质的分子基础、孟德尔遗传、连锁遗传和性连锁、基因突变、染色体结构变异、染色体数目变异、数量性状的遗传、近亲繁殖和杂种优势、细菌和病毒的遗传、细胞质遗传、基因工程、基因组学、基因表达的调控、遗传与发育、群体遗传与进化。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。