系统发育

Gymnocladus dioicus K. is a large deciduous tree with unisexual flowers, which are good research materials for sexual differentiation. Researches from cytomorphology, cytohischemstry and analyses of special proteins on both male and female flowers in different developmental stages were systemly reported in this paper. The sex differentiation process of Kentucky coffeetree first undergo a vengetative stage, then a bisexual stage, finally unisexuality by means of the reduction or abortion of inappreciate sex organ primordial.

本论文以美国肥皂荚雌株及雄株上不同发育时期的花蕾和花为试材，从细胞形态学、细胞组织化学、特异蛋白质分析三方面首次对其花芽分化及开花特性进行详细描述，进而就其花性别分化过程进行了比较系统的研究，对其单性花形成机制方面进行了讨论。

The results indicate that proper physical exercise can improve the function of the organs systems, including the other parts of brain and nervous system, and promote their upgrowth. Meanwhile, proper physical exercise can also develop the intelligence of the students.

研究结果表明，适量的体育锻炼可以促进机体各器官系统包括大脑和神经系统其他各部分的生长发育及其机能的改善，为开发青少年智力，搞好文化学习提供了重要的生物学基础。

Objectives : develop basic concepts and knowledge with relevance to zoology, and also master some fundmental knowledge of animal physiology and development.

课程目标：使学生较系统地掌握动物学的基本概念、基本的动物生理与发育学知识。

The results were showed that embryogenic calli were induced from young leaves, which were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2mg/L and KT 0.2mg/L. For the proliferation of embryogenic calli, the suitable culture medium was MS+BA 8mg/L +NAA 1mg/L. The development and maturation of somatic embryo could be much improved by using the medium of MS+ZT 2mg/L or BA 5mg/L +IAA 0.2mg/L. For the induction of secondary somatic embryo from integral somatic embryo, the suitable culture medium was MS+KT 0.1mg/L+NAA 0.01 mg/L or MS+ZT 0.1mg/L+NAA 0.01 mg/L, the proliferation frequency is 214%, 256% respectively. The cotyledonary generated from somatic embryos of Aesculus hippocastanum L.

本文就欧洲七叶树的组织培养和体细胞胚发生以及植株再生进行了系统研究，主要结果如下：以植物细胞具有全能性的理论为依据，以欧洲七叶树幼嫩叶片为外植体，进行体细胞胚胎发生研究，研究结果表明，诱导愈伤组织的适宜培养基是MS+2，4-D 2mg／L+KT0.2mg／L，MS+BA 8mg／L+NAA 1mg／L有利于胚性愈伤组织的诱导和增殖，添加ZT 2mg／L或BA 5mg／L和IAA 0.2mg／L的MS培养基有利于体细胞胚发育和成熟，体细胞胚可直接诱导次生胚发生，MS+KT 0.1mg／L+NAA 0.01 mg／L或MS+ZT 0.1mg／L+NAA 0.01 mg／L培养基诱导效果最好，增殖频率分别为214％、256％。

Self-pollination was brought as the essential reason for causing emptied seeds by former researchers. Based on those studies, potassium antimonate and electron microscopy were used to study the calcium distribution of pollens in the micropylar canal of self-pollinated and cross-pollinated ovules and morphological changes in certain cells undergoing programmed cell death from pollination to fertilization, and observation of histo-chemical changes during microgametopyte development was performed by paraffin section.

前人研究认为自交是华北落叶松产生空粒的主要原因，本论文在此基础，运用焦锑酸钾沉淀法配合电镜观察研究了传粉后到受精前异交控制和自交辅助授粉胚珠珠孔道内花粉的钙分布情况，及此过程中细胞程序化死亡超微结构的变化，并通过石蜡切片研究了华北落叶松传粉后到受精前雌配子体发育过程及细胞内含物的变化，以研究在受精前胚珠内是否存在花粉识别与选择系统，探讨钙信号传导和花粉与胚珠相互作用及细胞程序化死亡的关系。

The author proposed systematically the proof of reaction between groundwater and weathering profile: diviation of weathering trend from normal one, abnormal enrichment of some elements such as K and Na in certain part of the profile, characteristic authigenic minerals and texture.

系统地提出了地下水与风化壳相互作用的证据：即剖面发育趋势偏离正常的风化趋势；剖面中元素的异常富集；一些特征的自生矿物的形成以及特征的结构构造。

Ecological environment factors affecting its growth and development and the spatial distribution characteristics of plant autoeciousness of Hemiberlesia pitysophila were comprehensively analyzed by combining Maxent ecological niche models with geographical information system technique in this paper.The relatively exactly potential distribution region of Hemiberlesia pitysophila in whole Chi...

本文选用Maxent生态位模型与地理信息系统相结合，综合分析影响松突圆蚧生长发育的环境因素，结合寄主分布特征，非常直观定量地获得了松突圆蚧在我国的潜在发生区，计算结果经ROC曲线分析法验证，Maxent生态位模型的AUC值为0.991(非常接近于1)，表明预测获得了较好的效果，研究可为松突圆蚧的检疫及防治决策的制定提供科学依据。

Then, under the control of systemic factors, mesenchymal cells aggregate and differentiate to form catilage blastemal elements that prefigure skeletal limb components.

脊椎动物胚胎期骨与关节系统的发生是一种复杂生命现象，起始于中胚层间充质细胞的定向聚集，形成肢芽，然后在一系列作用因子的调控下，肢芽内细胞进一步分化，形成具有骨骼雏形的软骨原基，后者经软骨内骨化发育成骨。

Six kinds of superior Leguminosae and grasses including Sweet pea , partridge pea , Utah sweet vetch , meadow brome , yellow bluestem and cambar bluegrass are introduced from the Western and Middle parts of USA with similar climate to the Loess Plateau according to the theory of similarity of climate. The experiments are focused on adaptability, regularity of growth and development, eco-economic values, and technique and model of cultivation of the introduced plants, following the procedure of primary test, regional test and production test.

按照&气候相似论&的观点，选择与黄土高原生态条件较为接近的美国中西部地区，引进了多年生香豌豆、美丽鹧鸪豆、犹他甜苕子、牧场草、黄兰沙梗草、康巴早熟禾等6种优良水土保持草本植物，按照&初选试验—区域性试验—生产性试验&的程序，对引进植物的物候、抗性、生长发育规律、生态经济价值、栽培技术等进行系统研究。

This dissertation was focused on the research about the formation and evolution of NQB from the Late Triassic to the early middle Epoch of Jurassic Period, including integrated analyzing the characteristic of the key stratigraphic surfaces, the time of the key stratigraphy, regional rock straigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, sedimentary system and depositional facies. On basis of these analysis, a tectonic evolution model have been established for NQB during from the Late Triassic to the early middle Epoch of Jurassic Period.1. After the systematic surface analysis about main stratigraphy units, we found that:(1) the bottom of Xiaochaka formation was comformity with the middle Triassic in the basin, and in the north margin it was deposited and overlapped on the different period stratigraphy before Triassic.(2) The top surface of Xiaochaka formation developed regionally karst and paleo-karst breccia, and was uncomformity with Nadigangri Formation, these things suggest that NQB in Xiaochaka depositing stage was developed from middle Triassic basin, and then an extensive regression occurred, the deposition was over and erosion come into being.(3) The lithologic assemblage, geochemistry, mixed fossils, and stratigraphy overlapping characteristic of Quemocuo Formation in early middle Jurassic indicted that the uncomformity surface was an extension-unconformity.2. Integrated analysis about stratigraphy division and correlation indicted that:(1) the paleontologic assemblage of Xiaochaka formation show its time was Carian -Norian stage of late Triassic. According to it was overlapped by late Triassic Nadigangri Formation, so Xiaochaka formation should be Carian - early Norian stage.(2) the SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb age of Nadigangri formation volcanic rocks wear vary form 216 to 205 Ma, so its time should be Norian, but maybe extended into Rhaetian Stage.(3) The age of its bottom volcanic rocks, the fossil assemblages of its middle and upper members and overlapped by lower Jurassic, indicted the age of Riganpeicuo Formation was Norian - Rhaetian stage. And the same time, the volcanic rocks geochemistry of Nadigangri and Riganpeicuo formation both reflected that they wear formed in rift tectonic settings. The lower lithologic and surface characteristic, fossil assemblages and its upper maybe was conformity with lower Jurassic, all reflected that the age of Tumengela Formation in Tumen area should be Norian - Rhaetian stage.

论文对晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期盆地的形成与演化开展了研究，包括关键地层界面特征分析、关键地层时代归属分析、区域岩石地层、生物地层和年代地层的综合对比分析、区域沉积体系与沉积相分析、岩相古地理分析，最终建立晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期羌塘盆沉积—构造动力演化模式。1、系统的对各地层单元的界面分析发现：(1)肖茶卡组底界在盆地内部与中三叠统整合关系，在盆地北缘为沉积超覆于不同时代的前三叠系之上：(2)肖茶卡组顶界面发育古岩溶角砾岩，与上覆那底岗日组为岩溶不整合接触，说明肖茶卡组沉积时期的羌塘盆地是在早中三叠世的盆地基础发展起来的，后期出现了广泛的海退事件，使盆地结束沉积并遭受风化剥蚀作用；(3)中侏罗统雀莫错组的岩性组合特征、岩石化学特征、古生物化石混积和地层的沉积超覆现象均表现出裂陷环境下形成的伸展不整合面的特征。2、综合地层划分与对比分析认为：(1)肖茶卡组古生物化石组合反映其时代为晚三叠世卡尼期—若利期，根据其上被上三叠统那底岗日组不整合覆盖，将其时代厘定为卡尼期—若利期早期；(2)那底岗日组火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄在216～205 Ma之间，其时代主要为若利期，可能包含有瑞替期：(3)日干配错组底部火山岩的年龄、中上部化石组合及其被下侏罗统整合覆盖，综合反映的时代为晚三叠世若利期—瑞替期，而且那底岗日组火山岩和日干配错组火山岩的地球化学成分分析反映两者均为引张构造背景下的产物；土门地区的土门各拉组的下部岩性及界面特征、化石组合和上部可能被下侏罗统整合覆盖，综合反映其时代为若利期—若利期。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。