系统发育

The genetic relationships among Euglena strains remain poorly understood, despite a rich history of morphological examination and an extensive phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal RNA genes.

尽管以前对眼虫进行过大量的形态发育研究和基于核糖体RNA基因的系统发育分析，但对于株系之间的关系仍然知之甚少。

Tricholoma may be a paraphyletic genus two. The collections identified as T. caligatum is a mixture. Some parts of them from France are members of T. matsutake, the other parts from North America are closed to T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum. Tricholoma robustum and T. focale form a clade which is obviously a sister group of the stirp Subannulate. The stirp Caligata was defined as a group mainly on the basis of the predominant veil. But from the result of molecular systematic analysis, the presence of veil is not a stable character in the matsutake group. Species having symbiosis with conifers and broad leaf tree are all transformed from those whose host specificity is not strict. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences resembled the tree of NJ algorithm based on cladistic coding. In the phylogenetic tree based on morphylogical characters, T. zangii and T. bakamatsutake form a clade, but it is the result of convergent evolution as suggested by molecular analyses. The distribution area of the matsutake group can be divided into six regions: middle and northern Europe region, Mediterranean region, Hengduan Mount.— Southeastern Tibet region, Northeastern China—Japan—Far-east Russia region, the Atlantic—North America region and the Rocky Mountain region. The abundance center of the matsutake group are Hengduan Mount.—Southeastern Tibet region and the Rocky Mountain region. Hengduan Mount.

松口蘑群的分子系统学研究得出的结果有：由于粗壮口蘑和羽衣口蘑明显和亚环族(Tricholoma，section subannulate)的种类是来自同一个谱系，和其它松口蘑群的种不具有最近共同祖先，因此松口蘑群是一个多系群；松口蘑群和口蘑属其他种类的亲缘关系比和蜜环菌属更接近；梭柄松苞菇和松口蘑群的差距明显小于油黄口蘑(T.flavovirens)和棕灰口蘑；口蘑属是一个多系群；鉴定为欧洲口蘑的标本明显不是一个单系群，其中一部分是松口蘑，另一部分和黄褐口蘑及傻松口蘑(T.bakamatsutake)比较接近；划分松口蘑群的标准是菌环的存在，但从分子系统学的结果来看，菌环的存在与否并非是一个很稳定的性状；和针叶树专性共生及和阔叶树专性共生均由寄主专化性不强的种类转化而来；在形态学系统发育树上青冈口蘑和傻松口蘑被聚为一个分枝，分子系统学的研究结果表明，这是趋同进化的结果；用支序方法编码作出的NJ树的结果更接近ITS序列的结果。

The taxonomic system is very different from the one used widespreadly by foreign scholars. The taxonomic status and the phylogentic relationships among the five families Catantopidae, Acrididae, Oedipodidae, Arcypteridae, Gomphoceridae is the main controversy. In order to provide enough proofs for improving the taxonomic system, it is necessary to study the phylogeny of five families of Acridoidea based on molecular markers.

但此分类系统与国外所用的分类系统差别较大，争论的焦点在于斑腿蝗科、剑角蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科5个科的分类地位及其相互关系，因此我们从分子水平上探讨这5科的系统发育关系，为完善蝗总科分类系统提供一些必要的证据。

The phylogenetic trees supported that Eriocaulaceae be treated as Eriocaulales because this family always been a nature independent group connected with other families. Eriocaulaceae grouped with Commelinaceae, which supported the close relationship and parallel evolution between the two families. Juncaceae was not close to Eriocaulaceae and more primitive. The relationship between Juncaceae and Cyperaceae was closer than that between Juncaceae and Poaceae. Among these families, Poaceae was the most primitive family and far from Eriocaulaceae. Also in Eriocaulaceae, Eriocaulon was supported to be more primitive.

从构建的系统发育树可以得到：①谷精草科独立形成一个植物类群，支持谷精草科独立成为谷精草目；②谷精草科与鸭跖草科聚成一个大的类群，说明两科的亲缘关系较近，并且表现为平行进化；③灯心草科不近缘于谷精草科，与禾本科相比，灯芯草科与莎草科之间存在更近的亲缘关系；④在进化程度上，灯心草科比谷精草科原始；禾本科与谷精草科的亲缘关系最远，并且在这几个科中处于最原始的进化地位；⑤系统树还支持谷精草科内部的系统关系，支持谷精草属在谷精草科中的原始系统位置。

The taxonomic system is very different from the one used widespreadly by foreign scholars.

但此分类系统与国外所用的分类系统差别较大，争论的焦点在于斑腿蝗科、剑角蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科5个科的分类地位及其相互关系，因此我们从分子水平上探讨这5科的系统发育关系，为完善蝗总科分类系统提供一些必要的证据。

The located position and development of the disc was correlative with the development of other floral organs, which might provide insight to delimit Wikstroemia and Daphne based on different floral developmental pattern that might exist between the two genera.

花盘的发生和早期发育及其着生位置同其他花部器官的发生和发育式样具有明显的相关性，这种相关性对进一步阐明瑞香属Daphne和荛花属Wikstroemia的系统发育关系具有一定意义。

The located position and development of the disc was correlative with the development of other floral organs, which might provide insight to delimit Wikstroemia and Daphne based on different floral developmental pattern that might exist between the two genera.

花盘的发生和早期发育及其着生位置同其他花部器官的发生和发育式样具有明显的相关性，这种相关性对进一步阐明瑞香属Daphne和荛花属Wikstroemia的系统发育关系具有—定意义。

Thus, he concluded,"ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny", which means the development of the individual embryo repeats its alleged evolutionary history.

他下结论称&个体发育重演系统发育&。也就是说，个人的胚胎发育中必经过人类的进化历史。

Obviously, the combined dendrogram can reveal more difference among strains, and contain more phylogenetic information, so it reveal more detailed phylogenetic relationship among strains.

从综合的树状图能看出菌株间更大的差异，它所包含的系统发育信息更多，因而它所反映的系统发育关系更细致。

The first parsimonious analysis yielded numerous most parsimonious trees of 275 steps, and then 82 most parsimonious trees with 40.729 steps length were produced by reweighting characters using maximum values of rescaled consistency, which remained stable after the second reweighting.

属为外类群，选取包括花粉和染色体性状在内的47个广义的形态学性状进行了分支分类系统发育分析，同时以表征分类的方法构建了距离树辅助分析，首次对世界分布的菝葜科各属间及属内的系统发育关系作了探讨。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。