系统发育

This dessertation dedicated a complete study of Chinese crane phylogenetics based on cell, protein and DNA levels combined with cladistic and numerical analysis. The main research work is introduced as following aspects.

本文在细胞、蛋白质、DNA等不同层次，并结合支序分析和数值分析等方法对中国鹤类的系统发育关系进行了全面的探索性研究。

Besides, it is the first time that the phylogenetic relationship of the 4 genera of theLeptochirini was discussed through the cladistic analysis, with the WinClada software.

此外，采用支序分析法，借助WinClada软件，首次对方胸隐翅虫族所含4属之间的系统发育关系进行了探讨。

In morphology, cladistic and numerical taxonomy are used respectivelyto analyze six species of Montifringilla and to construct the phylogenetic trees,and to discuss the relationship and taxonomic status of Montifringilla spp.

在形态学研究，以雪雀属种类的形态学特征为基础，分别以支序分类学与数值分类学的方法对其进行分析，构建它们的系统发育树，探讨在形态学特征上的亲缘关系及分类地位。

Through the contrast analysis of the level of cell, protein and DNA, combined with the application of cladistic taxonomy system and numencal classification system and all the result of classification such as geographical distribution and fossil information, it can be deduced that the relationship of phylogenetics of Chinese crane is the following: the related relationship among Red crowned Crane , Black-necked Crane G.

通过细胞水平，蛋白质水平以及基因水平的对比分析，并结全宏观性状的支序分析和数值分析，以及地理分布化石资料等多方面分类结果推断，中国鹤类的系统发育关系是：丹顶鹤、黑颈鹤、白枕鹤、赤颈鹤的亲缘关系较近，而与灰鹤、白头鹤、沙丘鹤的关系较远，与白鹤、蓑白鹤关系最远。

Keywords Empoascini,Fauna,Taxonomy,Biogeography,Phylogeny,Cladistic analysis,new genera,new species,new combinations,new records,new synonyms,China.

小绿叶蝉族；区系；分类；生物地理；系统发育；支序分析；新属；新种；新组合；新记录；新异名；中国

With the rapid development of phylogenetic taxonomy ,more scientific researches are being made in cladistics taxonomy in China.

系统发育分类学飞速发展，我国在近年来也加快了利用分支分类的方法进行科学研究，其方法备受许多研究者所青睐。

Using some simple mathematic formulae and cladograms, present author put forward a conception for the resolution of the evolutionary temporal order of DNA sequence data in phylogenetic analysis, and point out a possible rational resolving range.

通过简单的数学公式和分支图形，作者提出系统发育分析中DNA序列数据演化时序的分辨率概念，并指出可能合理的分辨率范围。

High unpredictability and asymmetry of interaction, coupled with an important influence of abioticfactors, means that the influences of mutual selection pressures between plants and seed dispersers aregreatly eonstrained.

通过对系统发育中相联系的不同种的动植物关系的比较研究来揭示动植物关系对物种分化的影响，有可能为检验食果动物和植物之间的协同进化关系提供新的证据。

It is considered to be an original character that various processes densely arranged on the exine.

孢子颜色在分类和系统发育上的意义还有待于观察和探讨。

The structure of pollen wall provides many characteristics for systematic botany, among which the stratification, struture and ornamentation of exine is basel.

花粉壁的构造提供了若干在系统发育上有用的特征，其中外壁的层次、结构以及纹饰是基本的。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。