系统发育

Thus, the molecular techniques are becoming more popular in the differentiation of Microcystis.16S rDNA, 16S-23S rDNA ITS and PC-IGS have been used in phylogenic classification of Microcystis, they are common molecular markers of taxonomic researches and a number of results have been carried out.

利用分子生物学技术鉴定微囊藻的种属具有快速而且可靠的优势，因此已成为了分类研究的新趋势。16S rDNA、16S-23S rDNA ITS、PC-IGS等基因序列在微囊藻的分子系统发育方面已有一些研究结果，是目前分类学研究较常用的分子标记，但各自仍存在了一定的问题。

The orders Magnoliale, Laurales, Piperales, Illiciales, and Ranunculales were selected as a complex outgroup. The evolutionary polarity of each character was determined using the outgroup comparison method. On the basis of the character-coding matrix, the phylogenetic trees were constructed with Camin-Sokal method and Farris-Wagner method, implemented in PHYLIP package.

本文选取24个与睡莲类植物系统发育相关的形态、解剖和花粉性状，以木兰目、樟目、胡椒目、八角目和毛茛目作为复合外类群，采用外类群比较法判断了上述性状的进化极性；以性状状态编码矩阵为基础，应用Camin-Sokal方法和Farris-Wagner方法以及PHYLIP软件包构建分支树。

The analysis indicates that the genus Metagentiana is polyphyletic, because all sampled species of Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia are clearly embedded within Metagentiana. The species of Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia also did not cluster respectively as two monophyletic clades. These results do not merit status of three separate genera.

ITS分析结果表明狭蕊龙胆属是一个多系群：在系统发育树上，双蝴蝶属Tripterospermum和蔓龙胆属Crawfurdia的种类位于狭蕊龙胆属各分支中，而且双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属的种类也相互交叉；这一结果不支持将3个属各自独立为属。

All homologous partial sequences of COI and 16S in Portunidae were collected from GenBank and aligned with the homologous sequences of P.trituberculatus. The NJ tree and MP tree were constructed using Kimura 2-parameter model. Homologous sequences (429 bp) of sampled specimen and genus Charybdis were aligned.

结合GenBank中收集的梭子蟹科COI，16 S rRNA两个基因所有同源序列信息，使用Kimura双参数模型采用邻接法、最大简约法构建梭子蟹科分子系统发育树；将样品蟹测得的COI基因序列和已知属的其他蟹同源序列(429 bp)进行比对分析。

The optimal and highest temperatures for the growth of Pseudomonas strain AC167 were 10℃ and 25℃ respectively, indicating that it was a typical psychrophilic bacterium.

该菌株最适生长温度为10℃，最高生长温度为25℃，是典型的嗜冷菌，经165rDNA序列比较及系统发育分析鉴定为假单胞菌属。

Psychrophilic and psychro-tolerant bacteria were cultured and used for screening the cold-active enzymes. Some characteristics of cold-active protease and chitinase were analyzed then. Microbial 16S rDNA clone libraries of deep sea sediments were constructed and studied by PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences.

通过构建沉积物中微生物16S rDNA克隆文库，采用PCR-RFLP分析、DNA-DNA杂交、16S rDNA序列测定以及系统发育分析的方法，研究了西太平洋&暖池&区和东太平洋&结核&区两个不同海区深海沉积物中的微生物多样性和群落结构特征及其与环境的相互关系，得到了一些与&暖池&区环境特点紧密相关的新发现，新认识。

Psychrophilic and psychro-tolerant bacteria were cultured and used for screening the cold-active enzymes. Some characteristics of cold-active protease and chitinase were analyzed then.Microbial 16S rDNA clone libraries of deep sea sediments were constructed and studied by PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences.

通过构建沉积物中微生物16S rDNA克隆文库，采用PCR-RFLP分析、DNA-DNA杂交、16S rDNA序列测定以及系统发育分析的方法，研究了两太平洋&暖池&区和东太平洋&结核&区两个不同海区深海沉积物中的微生物多样性和群落结构特征及其与环境的相互关系，得到了一些与&暖池&区环境特点紧密相关的新发现，新认识。

C Relationship among subfamilies based on EST characters is somewhat compatible to intrafamily phylogeny proposed by Schuh (1976), but it is clear that Orthotylinae and Phylinae are not directly sister grouped. The relationship should be corrected into ( Phylinae Orthotylinae .

3酯酶同工酶酶谱特征所反映出的盲蝽科4个亚科间的相互关系与Schuh 1974年所做的盲蝽科内系统发育部分一致，但合垫盲蝽亚科与叶盲蝽亚科之间不是直接的姐妹群关系。4个亚科的关系为（（（盲蝽亚科Mirinae，齿爪盲蝽亚科Deraeocorinae）叶盲蝽亚科Phylinae）合垫盲蝽亚科Orthotylinae）。

To study the diversity and phylogeny of Rhizobia strains from Sesbania cannabina in Jinshajiang arid river valley in Sichuan province, China.

揭示金沙江干热河谷区这一特殊地理环境下田菁根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育地位。

Tropici was below 90%. Rhizobia of Sesbania cannabina in Jinshajiang arid river valley are highly diverse, they are closely related to Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Agrobacterium.

金沙江干热河谷区田菁根瘤菌具有较为丰富的多样性，在系统发育地位上分布于Sinorhizobium、Agrobacterium和Rhizobium三个属。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。