系统发育

Keywords: Hamamelidaceae, matK gene, phylogeny

中文关键词：金缕梅科，matK基因，系统发育

The rbcL gene sequences of six species representing five subfamilies of the Hamamelidaceae and the Platanaceae were determined and used in the phylogenetic analysis on the "lower" Hamamelidae sensu Endress (1989) and its allies newly suggested.

测定了悬铃木科和金缕梅科5个亚科的6个代表种的rbcL基因序列，对低等金缕梅类植物及新近提出的相关类群进行了分子系统发育分析，获得4个最简约树。简约树步长为893，其CI值和RI值分别为0.558和0.591。

Internal transcribed sequences of ribosomal DNA of 36 species wereanalyzed to reconstruct the phologeny of Heracleum and its related genera using themaximum parsimony, neighboring-joint and maximum likelihood methods inPAUP4.0b10, respectively.

选取独活属7种植物测取核rDNA中的ITS基因序列，结合GenBank已有的本属5种和邻近属24种植物的ITS序列，用PAUP4.0b10软件中的最大简约法、邻接法和最大似然法分别进行分析，从而对独活属及其近属进行了系统发育重建。

Because distribution boundary between the East Clade and the West Clade was almost the same for the division line of physical environmental heterogenicity between the East and the West within the East Asia (division line between the second and third stage in accordance of topographical disjunction), it was speculated that physical environmental heterogenicity between the East and the West had played a key role in the phylogeny of the complex.

rDNA ITS区比较序列分析和AFLP分析都表明粉花绣线菊复合体各变异类型间已发生了一定程度的分化，确认了基于形态证据对粉花绣线菊复合体内各变异类型的认知，同时也表明ITS序列和AFLP是探讨绣线菊属或亚科种下或近缘种间系统发育关系的有效分子标记。

It suggested that the species or subspecies of Hordeum were genetically related to rye and wheat, which also belong to the tribe of Triticeae, while rice was related to maize.

以玉米为外类群，采用邻接法进行系统发育关系分析发现，同属于小麦族的大麦属植物、黑麦和小麦间亲缘关系较近，而水稻与玉米则相对较近。

The result of phylogenetic tree showed that PutAPx has the closdest genetic distance with Hordeum vulgare L. and Triticum aestivum.

系统发育树显示朝鲜碱茅与大麦、小麦遗传距离最近，跨膜结构与亚细胞定位表明为过氧化物体APX。

, and between L vexillifer and Neophocaena phocaenoides is 15. 03%(49/326bp). Two phylogenetic trees, constructed by using sequence data, suggest that Lipotes vexillifer does not share a direct common ancestor with Inia geoffrensis, thus provide molecular evidence in favor of the establishment of family Lipotidae, extant river dolphins might be a group of species with

系统发育分析结果表明：白暨豚与亚河豚没有直接共同的祖先，从而为白暨豚科的建立提供了有利的分子证据；现存的淡水豚类可能仅是外形上相似的物种群，Muizon（1984，1988a，1988b，1990）关于各类淡水豚分属于不同的总科的建议，从分子进化的角度看是完全可能的：抹香鲸类可能是最早从古鲸类中分化出来的类群。

Vexillifer and Neophocaena phocaenoides is 15.03%(49/326bp). Two phylogenetic trees, constructed by using sequence data, suggest that Lipotes vexillifer does not share a direct common ancestor with Inia geoffrensis, thus provide molecular evidence in favor of the establishment of family Lipotidae; extant river dolphins might be a group ofes with

系统发育分析结果表明：白暨豚与亚河豚没有直接共同的祖先，从而为白暨豚科的建立提供了有利的分子证据；现存的淡水豚类可能仅是外形上相似的物种群，Muizon1984；1988a

Numerical Taxonomy was inspirable and predictibe.

但由于数值分类等权对待分类特征，不能排除&趋同进化&和&平行进化&产生的形态相似，因此，分类单元的总体相似性并不能代表真正的系统发育关系。

This ecological transition is concordant with the independent phylogenetic analysis and the information from preserved integumentary structures

这一古生态转化与来自独立的系统发育学分析和软体组织的信息是一致的。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。