系统发育

To assess support for the monophyly of East Asian endemic cyprinid taxa, we used the mitochondrial CO1 gene sequences for phylogenetic reconstruction of the family Cyprinidae.

2为探讨东亚特有鲤科类群的单系性以及其内部物种的系统发育关系，本研究将实验获得的线粒体CO1基因序列与GenBank中下载的序列相结合构建鲤科鱼类的系统发育树。

Of or relating to the evolutionary descent and development of a species or group of organisms;phylogenetic.

系统发育的；线系的，种族的一个物种或一群有机物的进化和发展的；或与之有关的；系统发育的

Using single genes as phylogenetic markers, it is difficult to trace organismal phylogeny in the presence of HGT .

使用单基因作为系统发育的标记，在有水平基因转移存在的情况下很难追查生物的系统发育。

By employing two kinds of molecular marker of mitochondrial DNA, i. e. Cyt b and CoI gene, the sequences of 15 species representing 6 families from Passeriformes were compared. We analysed their sequences compose and characteristic with the sorft of MEG3.1, and built the phylogenetic trees in PAUP~*4.0. We deeply analysed the feasibility that CoI gene qua the marker to research the phylogenetic relationship of Passeriformes, and afford the academic proof for building the DNA barcoding of the birds.

本文分别以线粒体DNA的细胞色素b和CoI基因作为分子标记，对雀形目6科15种鸟类的细胞色素b基因全序列(1，143bp)和CoI基因部分序列(1，176bp)的组成特点及其系统发育树进行了比较分析，还探讨了CoI基因作为雀形目系统发育研究和构建鸟类物种DNA编码库的分子标记的可行性，旨在为DNA编码库的构建积累基础资料。

Spore germination and protonema development have been considered to be one of the important characters in the phylogeny and evolution of major groups of the bryophytes and other plant groups.

孢子萌发与原丝体发育对于研究苔藓植物以及其他植物类群的系统发育与系统演化有着十分重要的作用。

The consensus tree by ITS gene sequences indicated that subgenus Cerasus was basal to the other subgenera with a bootstrap value of 68% and occupied an isolated position.

基于ITs序列得到系统发育树为樱类位于系统发育树的基部，构成一单系分支，其内部支持率为68％。

Many entomologist and taxonomist have paid much attention to the studies on phylogeny and systematics of Microgastrinae since the establishment of Microgastrinae by Foerster in 1862. Much headway has been made on the phylogeny and systematics of Microgastrinae , but the dissensions from the entomologist and taxonomist on the species relationship among the genera and tribes of Microgastrinae and the appraisal on Masons classification system are being. A further large number of studies needed to be done to resolve the issue of phylogeny of Microgastrinae.

自Foerster于1862年建立小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae以来，许多的昆虫学家和分类学家对小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae的系统发育和分类做了大量的工作，并取得了一些成果，但是学者之间对于小腹茧蜂亚科族、属间的亲缘关系还存在很大的分歧，显然要充分解决小腹茧蜂亚科系统发育和分类问题，还需要做大量的研究工作。

After thecomplete genome extraction of the strain was performed, the genomic DNA was partiallydigested by restriction enzyme Sau3AⅠ, the DNA fragments from 1 to 5Kb was clonedinto prokaryote expression vector pET-28a-c, and transformed host bacteria. The resultsshowed that we succeeded in constructing the gene expression library of haemophilusparasuis serovar 5, which is fundamental for the study of advanced gene screening. Inaddition, primer design was performed based on haemophilus influenzae in this study. In addition, PCR was performed by using genomic DNA of haemophilus parasuisserovar 5 as the template. The results demonstrated that we obtained two neo-gene:23SrRNA gene(conserved gene belonging to the large-subunit of ribosome) and adenylatecyclase gene(encodes adenylate cyclase and participates in converting adenyl nucleosidetriphosphate to cyclic adenosine3",5"-monophosphate). Furthermore, the phylogeneticanalyses between the species was performed, and neighbor-joining tree was constructedbased on comparison of 23S rRNA gene sequences, so it was illuminated betweenHaemophilus parasuis and other species in molecular evolution relationship.

选择我国流行优势菌株副猪嗜血杆菌血清5型地方株为研究对象，提取细菌基因组DNA，用限制性内切酶Sau3AⅠ对基因组DNA进行部分酶切，回收大小为1～5Kb的DNA片段，将其连接入原核表达载体pET-28a-c，最后转化宿主菌，结果成功地构建了基因表达文库，为后续的基因筛选工作奠定基础；另外，本研究选择嗜血杆菌属的流感嗜血杆菌为参考对象进行引物的设计，以副猪嗜血杆菌血清5型地方菌株的基因组DNA为模板，进行PCR扩增反应，结果表明成功地获得两个新基因：23S rRNA基因(存在于核糖体大亚基中的保守性基因)和腺苷酸环化酶基因(负责将腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸转变为环腺苷酸)，并进一步做了不同物种之间的分子系统发育分析，构建了基于23S rRNA基因的邻接法系统发育树，阐明了副猪嗜血杆菌与其它菌种的分子进化关系。

According to molecular,we can vested them in Agaricomycetidae,Agaricales. The effects of temperature, nutriments, illumination and other factors on the germination of the spores of Lasiosphaera fenzliiand Calvatia gigantea were firstly studied in this paper.

利用rDNA ITS序列进行分析并建构系统发育树，结果表明了脱皮马勃Lasiosphaera fenzlii和大秃马勃Calvatia gigantea的亲缘关系较近，根据分子系统发育进化树可将其归属伞菌亚纲、伞菌目。

The molecular phylogeny of Alismatidae based on analysis of chloroplast rbcL gene sequence data serves as a framework with which to evaluate character evolution with respect to the derivation of apocarpy in the group.

本文基於rbcL基因序列资料构建了泽泻亚纲的系统发育关系，依据此系统发育关系为框架，讨论了泽泻亚纲不同心皮的起源与演化，尤其是离生心皮的起源与演化。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。