系统发育

The comparison of sequences showed that the determined sequence was most similar to those in GenBank (AF016546)(similarity level, 97.9%), Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the resulting sequence was more similar to those of Mycoplasma spp.(homo!ogy level, about 70%), but was farther from Anaplasma spp.( homology level, about 50%).

系统发育分析表明，所测序列与支原体属病原代表种的序列接近，同源性约为70%，而与无浆体科病原代表种的序列相差较远，同源性约为50%。

The most effective group of the herb medicine was screened out according to the response of the mices reproductive system, and then it was applied to the healthy canines which were in the stage of anoestrus.

并将这5个组方分别喂给5组共40只性成熟的健康的小白鼠，根据对小白鼠的饲喂试验结果，将其中促进小白鼠生殖系统发育效果最显著的一个方剂应用于处于间情期的健康母犬，用以研究中草药对母犬的催情效果。

There was high level of confidence on anopheline phylogenetic relationship reconstructed by combining nuclear genes with mitochondrial genes.

该文还介绍了建立在基因组计划基础上的全新学科——系统发育基因组学。

Based on morphological and biological studies, 36character transformation series of 10 species of the genu Apanteles Foerster and 2 species of the genu Dolichogenidea Viereck were recognized. Through analysis of character polarity using the method of outgroup analysis, two and multiple character data matrixe were obtained. The data is analysed through PHYLIP(Phylogeny Inference Package, version 3.6) software based on the method of cladistics, a majority rule consensus tree and a strict consensus tree constructed at last.

在本研究中，描述了10个种，做出了中国绒茧蜂属Apanteles Foerster种类雌蜂检索表，以绒茧蜂属的10个种作为内群，以长颊茧蜂属Dolichogenidea的2个种为外群，基于形态学和生物学分析建立了36个性状演系列，通过外群比较法，得到一个由二性状和多性状数据矩阵，再用phylip(系统发育推断软件3.6版)处理数据矩阵，最后得到一个多数规则合意树和一个严格合意树。

The application of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences in the molecular phylogenetics of Aphididae is summarized, with a special focus on the scientific problems which they can resolve.

总结了核基因和线粒体基因在半翅目蚜虫分子系统发育研究中的应用。

Phylogenetic analysis based on two IGS-1 sequences indicated there were significant differences between the IGS-1 sequence of Armillaria luteo-virens and that of other species of Armillaria.

本研究首次基于分子手段对我国青藏高原的黄绿蜜环菌种进行了分离培养、分子鉴定和系统发育分析，为黄绿蜜环菌的科学分类提供了分子依据。

Armillaria luteo-virens has a relatively close phylogenetic relationship with some species of Lepiota.

本研究首次基于分子手段对我国青藏高原的黄绿蜜环菌种进行了分离培养、分子鉴定和系统发育分析，为黄绿蜜环菌的科学分类提供了分子依据。

There are no distinct differences between ancestral character state and descendant character state in some characters. 4. Only one outgroup can't give enough information to tell what the ancestor looks like. It make us not to understand how a lot of charactors evolved. 5. The matsutake group is polyphyletic. 6. The character coding is not precise enough. 7. Some characters are not homology. The result of molecular systematic study on the matstuake group shows the group is not monophyletic. The matsutake group is more closed to Tricholoma than Armillaria. ITS sequence of Catathelasma ventricosum is nearly identical to that of the matsutake group, although apparently they are very different from each other in morphological characters.

对松口蘑群通过形态学特征进行系统发育关系分析造成很大的干扰的原因有：松口蘑的种类大多形态特征比较简单，可提供进行分析的特征不多；某些性状在一些状态之间的反复转化，造成分析上的误差；在进化过程中某些性状无明显的祖征和衍征，在分析过程中很难确定进化极性；选择外群时应该用一个特定类群进行整体理解后，确定各个性状的极性，不要只用单种作为外群；松口蘑群是一个多系群；进行比较的性状不一定是同源的；数量性状编码过于粗放，反映不出真实的情况。

Armillaria luteo-virens is a ectomycorrhizal fungus symbiotic with some species of Kobresia in Tibet Plateau, China. A strain was recently isolated from fruitbody tissue of the fungus. To determine whether the strain is the pure culture of the fungus, the internal transcribed spacer region and the first intergenic spacer region (IGS-1) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA of fruiting body and the isolated strain were sequenced and compared. Further, the 5.8S/ITS and IGS-1 sequences of the species were BLAST matched with GenBank database on homology and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 5.8S/ITS sequence and two phylogenetic trees were constructed separately based on two IGS-1 sequences.

首次从采自青藏高原、与高原牧草嵩草属Kobresia草本植物形成外生菌根的黄绿蜜环菌Armillaria luteo-virens子实体中分离获得一组织分离菌株，运用rDNA-ITS和rDNA-IGS-1测序技术对该组织分离菌株是否为黄绿蜜环菌的纯培养菌种进行分子鉴定，并基于黄绿蜜环菌的5.8S/ITS和IGS-1序列进行核酸序列数据库GenBank同源性检索比对、构建系统发育树。

In this study, the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos was reconstructed based on eight non-coding regions of the chloroplast genome and nuclear gene GBSSI using large sample set (124 species in 24 genera) with an emphasis on the Arundinaria group. The monophyly of the temperate woody bamboos was resolved in all phylogenies.

通过大量的野外补点采集和观察，本文收集了温带木本竹类中的24属124种研究材料，利用8个叶绿体非编码区片段以及核基因GBSSI序列数据，以青篱竹属群为主，重建温带木本竹类的系统发育，结果支持温带木本竹类的单系。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。