系统发育

Phylogenetic analysis was accomplished using Parsimony and Bootstrap methods with Branch-and-Bound search of PAUP*.

系统发育分析采用PAUP*软件的Parsimony和Bootstrap两种方式的Branch-and-Bound算法。

It is indicated that the involved species of this subfamily clustered into two clades: the first clade includes those of the genus Neptis, Phaedyma, Pantoporia and Lintinga; the second one includes those of the genus Parthenos, Moduza, Limenitis, Athyma, Lexias and Euthalia. The genus Limenitis is suggested to be monophyletic; and the genera Euthalia and Lexias proved to be sister to each other and form a monophyletic group. The genus Litinga appears to be more closely related to Neptini than to Limenitini.

基于Cytb基因的线蛱蝶亚科系统发育分析结果表明，所有线蛱蝶亚科聚为两大枝：第一枝包括环蛱蝶属、菲蛱蝶属、蟠蛱蝶属和缕蛱蝶属；第二枝包括丽蛱蝶属、穆蛱蝶属、线蛱蝶属、带蛱蝶属、律蛱蝶属和翠蛱蝶属；其中线蛱蝶属非单系群，翠蛱蝶属和律蛱蝶属则为单系发生，并构成姐妹群；缕蛱蝶属与环蛱蝶族亲缘关系较近。

Genetic distance was calculated in MEGA3.0 software, and phylogenetic trees were constructed with PAUP and MrBayes software.

其中遗传距离分析均在MEGA3.0软件中进行，系统发育树的构建在PAUP和MrBayes软件中完成。

According to BLAST results in GenBank, molecular phylogenetic tree (Paup 4.0), and the morphological, physiological and biochemical characters, the strain was preliminarily identified as a Streptomyces.

在GenBank中进行BLAST 相似性分析，利用Paup 4.0 构建系统发育树，并结合形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征，确定此菌可以划分为链霉菌属，且与嗜热淀粉酶链霉菌S。

Then using PAUP 4.0 10b software, Elymus trachycaulus and Pseudoroegneria spicata and Carex nigra as outgroups respectively, 3 striction consensus trees were constructed.

分别以禾本科早熟禾亚科的两个种：Elymus trachycaulus和Pseudoroegneria spicata和莎草科的一个种：Carex nigra为外类群，使用PAUP 4.010b软件，构建了3个最简约的系统发育树。

The evolutionary relationships were investgated by comparing the results from molecular data alone or molecular data combined morphological characters using different analysis methods: maximum parsimony by PAUP(superscript *) 4.0 and Bayesian inference by MrBayes 3.0B4. Base composition and ti/tv of 28S rDNA D2 regions were analyzed by PAUP(superscript *) 4.0. The results showed that GC content of the 28S rDNA D2 gene sequences of subfamily Euphorinae ranges from 40.00% to 49.25%. Transversion frequency of sequence variable sites among species of Euphorinae was higher than that of transition. The subfamily Euphorinae was proved to be a paraphyletic group with close relationship to subfamilies Neoneurinae and Cenocoelinae; only two tribes, Meterorini and Microctonini, were proved to be monophyletic groups; Centistini, Cosmophorini, Euphorini and Dinocampini were paraphyletic groups; the basal position of tribe Meterorini within Euphorinae was partially supported by our phylogenetic trees, and tribe Microctonini was proved to be a group at the top of the trees.

结果表明：优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动，而对于碱基替代情况来讲，优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换大于转换；不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群，而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群；在优茧蜂亚科内部，悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini（排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis）为单系群，而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群；悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持，同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。

Phylogenetie analysis shows that the two pearl oyster species are most closely related, supporting the traditional classification.

系统发育分析表明两者的亲缘关系最近，与传统分类相符，然后与太平洋牡蛎等聚合在一起。

They will want the classification to reflect the phylogeny of the plants.

他们希望分类能反映植物的系统发育。

We chose four groups, from different levels, to investigate the molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates.

我们选择四个类群，从不同的分类阶元来研究其分子系统发育和估算分化时间。

The significance of spore color in taxonomy and phylogeny remains to be further observation and investigation.

孢子颜色在分类和系统发育上的意义还有待于观察和探讨。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。