系统发育

Progress in the taxonomy of the actinomycetes and acidophilic actinomycetes was introduced in this paper. The diversity of acidophilic rare Actinomycetes from acidic soil was studied and a polyphasic study was undertaken to establish the taxonomic position of three soil isolates.

本文介绍了放线菌和嗜酸放线菌的分类学研究进展，研究了我国酸性土壤中稀有放线菌的生物多样性，并采用以分子分类、系统发育学分析、化学分类、形态特征和生理生化特性相结合的多相分类方法对3株土壤新分离菌株进行了分类学研究。

Key words: Amanita; rDNA; ITS sequence analysis; classification and identification; Macrofungi

本研究在对采自浙江西南部丽水山区的7个鹅膏菌标本进行初步鉴定的基础上，对7个鹅膏菌的rDNA ITS区段进行序列测定和序列特征比较分析，并进一步对ITS序列进行核酸序列数据库GenBank同源性检索比对，构建起系统发育树以期为基于传统形态特征对7个鹅膏菌做出的分类鉴定提供分子依据。

The results showed the population of endophytic bacteria from oilseed rape was very abundant.These bacteria species is the first reported in oilseed rape, and Mycoplana bullata、Acinetobacter calcoaceticus、Pantoea dispersa、Pantoea ananas、Enterobacter cowanii、Pseudomonas fulva、Pseudomonas parafulva are new record species of endophytic bactria..

通过16S rDNA 序列系统发育分析对PCR-RFLP 划分的主要类群进行了鉴定，共鉴定出内生细菌16 种，分别是，分别为：蜡状芽孢杆菌、泡状枝动菌、醋酸钙不动杆菌、鲍氏不动杆菌A。

The main groups from PCR-RFLP analysis were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence phylogenetic analysis.16 species were obtained, they were: Bacillus cereus、Mycoplana bullata 、Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 、Acinetobacter baumannii 、Chryseobacterium indolthetium、Acidovorax avenae、Pantoea ananas、Pantoea agglomerans、Pantoea dispersa、Pantoea spp.、Enterobacter cowanii、Sphingobacterium multivorum、Pseudomonas putida、Pseudomonas fulva、Pseudomonas parafulva and Pseudomonas spp., respectively.

通过16S rDNA 序列系统发育分析，5 个菌株分别被鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌、乙酸不动杆菌、成团肠杆菌、恶臭假单胞杆菌、成团泛菌属，作为内生细菌存在于油菜体内属首次报道。

Sequences of ITS in nrDNA is one of the widely used markers in angiosperm systematics.

核糖体rDNA ITS是被子植物系统发育研究中应用最广泛的分子标记之一。

Anuran amphibian; androgen; arginine vasotocin; advertisement call; release call; phylogenetic development

中文关键字：无尾两栖类；雄激素；精氨酸加压素；广告鸣叫；释放鸣叫；系统发育

In the first chapter, using fragments of COI gene, we studied the phylogenetic relationships among species of five familes of Acridoidea with MP and Bayesian methods. The results were as follows:(1) Species of Acrididae, Gomphoceridae and all the Arcypterinae species of Arcypteridae are monophyletic. Species of Oedipodidae are supported as a monophyleticgroup, Ceracrinae species of Arcypteridae cluter together to make a monophyletic group. Epistaurus aberrans and Xenocatantops humilis is a phylogenetic group, Stenocatantops splendens and Hieroglyphus banian is also a phylogenetic group.

我们首先利用COI基因序列片段，使用最大简约法、贝叶斯法研究了斑腿蝗科、剑角蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科5个科42种的系统发育关系，得到如下结果：（1）由所有网翅蝗亚科的物种与剑角蝗科绿洲蝗亚科和槌角蝗科的物种组成一个单系群；斑翅蝗科的物种组成一个单系群；网翅蝗科的竹蝗亚科的黄脊雷蓖蝗和青脊竹蝗聚在一起形成单系群；斑腿蝗科的长翅十字蝗和大斑外斑腿蝗亲缘关系较近，形成一个单系群；长角直斑腿蝗和等歧蔗蝗始终聚在一起，形成一个单系群。

However, there are still existing gaps and controversies in phylogenetics and historical biogeography within this superorder.

然而，骨鳔鱼类的系统发育关系和历史生物地理学分析尚有较大空白和争议。

The phylogeny and biogeography of this group is quite consistently resolved Tolley et al.

系统发育和生物地理学研究这组是相当一贯解决（ tolley等人。 2004年）。

This form as well as the cave lion sometimes are considered to represent separate species, but recent phylogenetic studies suggest that they are in fact, subspecies of the lion.

这种形式以及洞穴狮子有时被认为是代表不同的物种，但最近的系统发育的研究表明，它们事实上，亚狮。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。