系统发生

By using the Neighbor-joining method of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis sofrware, a dengrogram was obtained based on genetic distances. Another dendrogram was obtained by Maximum Likelihood methodv in PHYLIP (3.6) software. The bootstrap values vwere evaluated for each crunode of the dendrogram by means of bootstrap test.

利用分子进化遗传分析软件，采用邻结法构建系统发生树；同时根据等位基因频率，利用PHYLIP(3.6)分析软件，采用最大似然法构建系统发生树，应用自举检验估计系统树中结点的自引导值，并进行了系统发生分析。

Further, by using the set of equations derived above, a modified potential vorticity equation more suitable for the study of mesoscale systems is developed, in which the term of divergence is involved explicitly on the right hand side.

进一步，利用此新方程组，推导出适用于中尺度系统研究的新的位涡方程，新位涡方程突出的特点是，与中尺度系统发生、发展密切相关的散度项显式出现在方程的右端；这为研究中尺度系统演变过程中，辐合、辐散效应对系统位涡收支的影响、进而研究中尺度系统发生、发展的热、动力学过程提供了方法。

Finally, the impact of loading on the probability of occurring of cascading failures is studied, and a phenomenon that power systems with more uniform loading have lower probability of occurring of cascading failures is found.

分析了负载情况对系统发生连锁故障概率的影响，发现系统负载较均匀时发生连锁故障的概率将大大降低。

Bryozoa is an important group of metazoan animals which has received relatively little attention regarding their origin, phylogenetic relationship with other metazoan phyla and its internal phylogeny.

苔藓动物是后生动物中的一个重要类群。然而，和其它主要后生动物类群相比，长期以来对它的系统学研究却相对滞后。其起源、系统发生地位以及与其它后生动物门类之间、其内部各高级分类群间的谱系发生关系一直存在争议。

Based on the fault tree of the cooling water system in asphalt gas decontaminating for carbon calciner,quantified evaluating system of reliability of cooling water system is set up by using of quantified analysis theory of fault tree.

在建立焙烧炉沥青烟气净化系统中冷却水系统故障树的基础上，运用故障树定量分析理论，建立了冷却水系统可靠性定量评价体系，对该系统发生故障的概率作出判断，从而能够及时、合理地确定冷却水系统的状况，以便及时采取应变措施，保持系统可靠运行

These results illustrated that the change of immune system may cause the change of neuroendocrine system correspondently.

这一结果说明，当免疫系统发生变化时，可相应地引起神经内分泌系统发生变化，从而就有可能对痛觉产生调节作用。

The gene arrangement features at nad3–nad5 and nad5–nad4 junctions contain useful information for phylogenetic inference of the advanced groups within the Decapoda.

而对基因排列顺序的系统发生研究结果提示，在十足类进化分支的系统发生上，nad3-nad5 和 nad5-nad4 基因连接部的基因排列性状是有用的信息。

The journal dedicates to the studies of the taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of botany. Research areas mainly include plant diversity conservation, molecular phylogenetics, population biology, morphology, biodiversity, herbaria and nomenclature etc.

该刊致力于植物学的分类学、系统发生和进化方面的研究，研究领域主要涉及植物多样性的保存、分子系统发生学、种群生物学、形态学、生物多样性、干燥标本集以及命名法等等。

The topology of NJ tree indicated that local population of wild boar are polyphyletic, and individuals from same local population are not monophyletic, and low confidence level was obtained.

根据共享等位基因距离构建的个体水平系统发生树也表明，中国大陆地区野猪的系统发生是复系发生，同一地方种群没有出现明显的单系群；系统发生树各分支长度几乎相等，未得到高的置信度支持。

The fields overlap however in the science of phylogenetic systematics – colloquially often called "cladism" or "cladistics"–, where only phylogenetic trees are used to delimit taxa, which represent groups of lineage-connected individuals.

系统发生学与分类学的交互重叠区域是系统发生分类学，常俗称为&分支学说&或&遗传分类学&；在系统发生分类学中，只用系统发生树来定分类的界限，这些分类代表血统相关个体组成的群。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。