系数问题

For the first time, the penalty hybrid/mixed finite element method is applied to practical engineering problems. Performance of structures under wind actions is analysed. A practical program system is also developed for the computation of aerostatic coefficients.

本文首次将罚杂交/混合有限元运用于实际工程问题中，计算分析了桥梁结构在风荷载作用下的行为，建立了一个实用的计算空气静力系数程序系统。

The question of the low propagation coefficient in the production of Amorphophallus at present, the research may use in the large scale production induction technology for test-tube micro-bulbodium.

针对目前魔芋生产存在种芋繁殖系数低的问题，研究可用于大规模生产魔芋试管微球茎的诱导技术。

It is suggested that how to increase propagation coefficient effectively is an urgent task; cutting, tissue culture and other methods which propagate fast are effective ways in Corylus heterophylla propagation.

认为如何有效地提高榛子的繁殖系数，是榛子繁殖亟待解决的问题；繁殖速度快的扦插、组织培养等繁殖方法将成为解决榛子繁殖难题的有效途径。

The use of new σ coordinate is aimed to match the landform better and improve the instance that the normal σ coordinate mathematic models are emanative with complicated landform sometimes.

分析了在新坐标系下应用k-ε模型可能存在的问题，并从模型的特点出发，以对数流速分布为基础，导出了垂向紊动粘性系数的分布公式。

Firstly, some difficult problems required to be solved,such as the land surface parameters′ calculation and observation over inhomogeneous land surface and development similarity theory which can be applicable to the inhomogeneous land surface. Secondly, studies of the bulk transfer coefficients over humid regions of China must be strengthened. Thirdly, whether or not understanding the landatmosphere interaction process over inhomogeneous and complicated land surface in its entirety, the land surface parameters′ expandedness form local to regional scope is a critical and difficult problem.

在此基础上，探讨了该领域研究中存在的几点科学问题：①需要解决非均匀下垫面地表参数的计算和观测以及发展适用于非均匀下垫面的相似性理论等难题；②对我国湿润地区地表总体输送系数的研究需要加强；③能否对非均匀复杂下垫面陆气相互作用过程进行全面的认识，地表参数由&点&到&面&的推广是关键也是难题。

It is proved that the method using the BEM to calculate the load distributions on the contact lines of involute gear pair, in which the applied load is taken in the form of a concentrated one at a single node, is not suitable. A method in which the tractions of the BEM are made to imitate the Hertzian pressure of the gear using 8 nodes isoparametric elements is introduced.

本文解决了边界元法在空间啮合副计算中存在的系数矩阵的存储，奇异单元积分的计算、表面不连续点处面力一点多值和求解未知量的线性方程组矩阵元素的计算等问题，编制了比不采用上述处理方法的一般边界单元法节省近一半内存和计算时间的适合空间啮合副的三维边界元法计算程序。

Incurrent research, aiming at the rupture problem engendered in the shooting process of acertain 5.56mm automatic rifle, the strain and stress distributions on the cartridge caseunder the action of axial pull have been analyzed. Based on the theories of elastic-plasticmechanics and contact mechanics, a mathematic and physical model of the cartridge-caseand chamber system has been set up; and based on the platform of the general softwarepackage APDL of ANSYS for finite element analysis, a parameterized model of thecartridge-case and chamber system has also been established. The method for nonlinearFEA has been adopted to analyze the stress distribution on the entire cartridge-case andchamber system, and the method of contact element has been employed to investigate thecontact stress between the cartridge case and chamber, and then the influences of frictioncoefficient and locking space on the static and dynamic stress and strain response of thecartridge case and chamber to the action of power gas have also been discussed. On thebasis of a lot of numerical tests, a kind of element Plane13, which is concentrated incoupled computation of heat and construction, has been used finally to simulate thetransient response of the cartridge-case and chamber system to the power gas. Throughloading the temporary thermal characteristics of explosive gas in the procedure of emulate, the corresponding transient thermal stress distributed on the entire system under thecombined load of transient thermal stress and transient pressure has been obtained. Owingto these comprehensive considerations, the numerical results obtained in this paperrepresent the actual situations comparatively exactly.

本文针对某5.56mm自动步枪在工作中出现断壳的问题，分析了弹壳在轴向拉力作用下的应力应变；基于弹塑性力学及接触理论，建立了弹壳弹膛系统的数学、物理学模型，在通用有限元ANSYS软件的参数化建模工具APDL平台上，建立了弹壳弹膛系统的参数化模型；采用非线性有限元法计算了弹壳弹膛系统的整体应力，引入接触单元法分析弹壳和弹膛的接触压力，探讨了在不同的摩擦系数和不同的闭锁间隙对弹壳弹膛静、动态响应的影响；本文进行了大量的尝试，最后确定采用热、结构耦合单元Plane13，在计算中加载了火药气体的温度历程，成功的获得了弹壳弹膛系统在瞬态的热载荷和瞬态的压力载荷同时作用下弹壳弹膛系统的热应力数值解，考虑因素全面，比较真实的反映了弹壳弹膛系统在火药气体压力和热载荷下作用的情况。

For this problem, finite element method based on deep shell element( much project practice prove veracious) is taken to calculate SCF and compared with the results of the method KAW、DNV and EFT.

针对这一问题，利用基于厚壳元的有限元法（大量工程实践检验结果表明该方法计算结果相对准确）对K型管节点的应力集中系数进行了计算，并将计算结果与KAW、DNV及EFT法计算结果进行了对比分析。

In order to make Maca be introduced to China, the basicproblems related to introduction and planting such as morphology classification, regionlayout, tissue culture and allelopathy were carried out. And the results were as follows:(1) The numerical Taxonomy of Maca and fifteen plants of Lepidium in China wasinvestigated by cluster analysis and the results showed that the method of numericaltaxonomy could be applied for Lepidium and its results were basically consistent with thatof morphology taxonomy and molecular marker such as Pi intron, ITS and cpDNA.

本文围绕玛咖在中国引种栽培的基础性和关键性问题，进行了形态学分类、区域规划、组织快繁以及克生现象等的研究，取得以下成果：(1)采用聚类分析，对 15 种中国独行菜属植物以及玛咖进行数量学分类，结论与经典形态学分类以及用 Pi 内含子序列、ITS 序列和 cpDNA 序列进行分类的结果基本吻合，玛咖与家独行菜、碱独行菜的亲缘关系最近，相似系数分别为 0.839、0.722。

In existing intelligent psychrometric humidity sensors, the influencing factors have not been considered completely, and the functions have not been designed flexibly, thus on the basis of accurately determine the temperature measuring coefficient, wind speed and environmental temperature, the new design method of an intelligent psychrometric relative humidity sensor is proposed.

针对现有智能干湿球法测湿传感器影响因素考虑不够全面、功能设计不够灵活等问题，在精确界定测湿系数和风速、环境温度的基础上，提出了一种新的智能干湿球相对湿度传感器的设计方案。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新