糖质新生

The main gluconeogenic precursor in kidney is thought to be lactate; however, less is emphasized enantiomerically. L-lactate is a glycolysis end-product, but D-lactate is formed after detoxification of methylglyoxal, which is the main source of advanced glycation end-products.

乳酸为肾脏糖质新生的主要来源，其含有一不对称碳，故具有D-、L-乳酸两种镜相异构物，而D-、L-乳酸两者之生成相当不同，L-乳酸是糖解作用之终产物，D-乳酸为体内一醣化终产物(advanced glycation end-products)─甲基乙二醛进行去毒化反应所生成，目前缺乏对乳酸镜像异构物与肾脏糖质新生间相关的探讨。

Calnexin and calreticulin are generally known as chaperons located in the ER. However, they are also involved in multiple functions other than chaperons.

calnexin 和calreticulin 一般广为人知的功用，是位於内质网中扮演新生蛋白质的保护子，帮助蛋白质正确地进行折叠和糖基化。

For long-term treatments, the rat administered daily by gavages for six weeks, the results of OGTT showed that guava fruit water or alcohol extracts could reduce the plasma glucose level in the diabetic Wistar rats, however there was on significant difference in insulin level among all tested groups. The results of carbohydrate metabolism showed diabetic Wistar rats administered with 200 or 400 mg/kg BW of guava fruit water or alcohol extracts could decrease more than 15% glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activities, and it also increase more than 12% glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities to reduce inhibitory hexokinase from reducing glucose-6-phosphate level.

在醣类代谢方面，实验结果发现糖尿病鼠灌食番石榴果实水及乙醇萃取物六周后，肝脏醣质新生作用中丙酮酸合成肝醣之关键酵素glucose-6-phosphatase及fructose-1，6-bisphosphatase的酵素活性会降低15%以上；另一方面肝脏glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase酵素活性则明显增加12%以上，并造成glucose-6-phosphate浓度减少，进而降低其对hexokinase的抑制(因为hexokinase受其代谢产物G-6-P的浓抑制)，因此加速肝脏葡萄糖的糖解作用。

Hepatic gluconeogenesis is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting and is the major contributor to postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes.

许多文献也指出肝脏的糖质新生作用除了维持空腹时血糖的恒定之外，也是造成糖尿病患者异常高血糖的原因之ㄧ。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新