糖苷的

The article has put forward a new method for identifying the end reaction point of synthesizing alkyl polyglycoside ,which mainly uses a novel reagent made of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and blue copperas to analyse the residual glucose.

介绍了一种新型的鉴定烷基糖苷合成反应终点的方法，以乙二胺四乙酸和五水硫酸铜配制的试剂，通过分析反应混合物中葡萄糖的剩余量来鉴定反应终点。

Furthermore, the results of the antibiotics sensitivity test of 38 isolates to 24 kinds antibiotics show that all isolates have presented antibiotic resistance disparately as well as multi-resistance. All isolates are sensitive to Cephalosporins antibiotics and Aminoglycosides antibiotics such as Amikacin, Cefazolin, Cefradine, Cefoperazone, and Ceftriaxone. Thirty-eight isolates are extremely resistant to Penicillins antibiotics, Lincomycins antibiotics, Tetracyclines antibiotics and Macrolides antibiotics such as Midecamycine, Lincomycin, Carbenicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin and so on. Antibiotics sensitivity test provides guidance for antibiotic application and scientific foundation from poultry farms.

按世界卫生组织推荐的Kirby-Bauer菌液涂布法对38株大肠杆菌进行24种抗生素的药物敏感性试验，结果表明：38株大肠杆菌均有不同程度的耐药，而且均表现多重耐药；较为敏感的抗生素是头孢菌素类和氨基糖苷类抗生素，其中以阿米卡星、头孢唑啉、头孢拉定、头孢哌酮和头孢三嗪最为敏感；对青霉素类抗生素、林可胺类抗生素、四环素类抗生素和大环内酯类抗生素耐药严重，其中以麦迪霉素、林可霉素、氨苄青霉素、四环素和阿莫西林耐药性最为严重；药物敏感试验为保定、秦皇岛和北京三个地区养鸡业提供科学的用药指南，为药物防治提供科学依据。

Results: The proportion of Gram-negative bacilli rose obviously, so did the opportunistic pathogen's and Yeasts detected rate. Most drug sensitive tests showed the drug-fast rate turned to be high. Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Citrobacter resistant and so on to fluoroquinolones was 57%~97%. These bacteria to imipenem showed excellent activity. Meticillin-resistant-staphylococcus resistant to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, clindamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, cefazolin and ampicillin were 40.9%, 42.4%, 63.6%, 72.2%, 85.9%, 100.0% and 100.0%, respectively Streptococcus and Enterococcus resistant to major β-lactams-penicillin, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines and sulfonamides were between 36.0% to 100.0%.

结果：革兰阴性杆菌比例显著升高，条件致病菌和酵母样真菌检出机会显著增多；药敏结果显示多数临床细菌对常用抗生素的耐药趋势在不断上升；大肠埃希菌、沙门菌和枸橼酸杆菌等革兰阴性杆菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药率达57%~97%，亚胺培南则对阴性杆菌有较高的敏感覆盖率；耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氯洁霉素、四环素、红霉素、头孢唑啉和氨苄西林的耐药率分别为40.9%、42.4%、63.6%、70.2%、85.9%、100.0%和100.0%；链球菌和肠球菌对多数β内酰胺类青霉素、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、四环素类以及磺胺类药物均呈高度耐药，耐药率在36%~100%。

To Dec. 2003 years in Yuxi city People's Hospital. RESULTS: The proportion of G－ bacilli were much. The opportunistic pathogen's and Yeasts detected rate rose obviously. Most drug sensitive tests showed the drug-fast rate turned to be high. Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella and so on to fluoroquinolones was 50～97.7%. These bacteria to imipenem showed excellent activity. MRS resistant to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, clindamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamycin, trimeth/sulfa and cefazolin were above 50%. Streptococcus resistant to major β-lactams-penicillin, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines and sulfonomides were highness.

结果：G－杆菌比例居多，条件致病菌和酵母样真菌检出机会显著增高；药敏结果显示多数临床细菌对常用抗生素的耐药趋势在不断上升；大肠埃希菌、沙门菌和克雷伯菌等G－杆菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药率在50％～97.7％，亚胺培南则对阴性杆菌有较高的敏感覆盖率；耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氯洁霉素、四环素、红霉素、庆大霉素、复方新诺明和头孢唑啉的耐药率均在50％以上，链球菌对多数β内酰胺类青霉素、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、四环素类以及磺胺类药物呈高度耐药。

Aminoglycosides suppress termination at nonsense codons and result in functional improvement in a cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cell line, in muscle cells from mdx mice and in fibroblasts from individuals with Hurler syndrome.

氨基糖苷类物质可以通过抑制无意义密码子的终止作用，改善囊性纤维化的支气管上皮细胞、患肌营养不良的肌细胞和Hurler综合征病人的成纤维细胞的功能。

Themain contents of this dissertation are as follows:(1) The quality analytiedal results of chitosan are as follows: water for 15.205%;degree of deacetylation 92.671%; the weight average relative molecular weight ofchitosan 195900; the viscosity average relative molecular weight of chitosan 194100;and the decomposing temperature 298℃. The infrared ray IR spectra of chitosanshows that the feature-absorbing band of chitosan amido was 1601cm~(-1), that ofβ-indican bond was 986cm~(-1). The results of the X-ray diffraction of chitosan indicatesthat its degree of deacetylation and degree of crystal are both big.

本文的主要内容如下：(1)对壳聚糖的质量进行分析，其水份为15.205％，脱乙酰度为92.671％，重均分子量为195900，黏均分子量为194100，分解温度为298℃，壳聚糖的红外光谱表明，壳聚糖—NH_2的特征吸收峰为1601cm~(-1)，β-糖苷键的特征吸收峰为986cm~(-1)，壳聚糖的X-衍射图表明壳聚糖原料的脱乙酰度和结晶度均较大。

Constituting dicycle; 2. region selectively reducing six-membered ring ketocarbonyl radical; 3. introducing 7alpha-hydroxy group; 4. Aldol reaction to introduce side chain and obtain 8alpha-hydroxy group; 5. oxidizing the position 7 hydroxy group into ketone; 6. turning the configuration of the position 7 hydroxy group; 7. glycosidating the position 7 hydroxy group; and 8. eliminating protecting group to obtain the target compound.

该方法包括如下步骤：(1)双环的构建；(2)区域选择性还原六元环酮羰基；(3)7α-羟基的引入；(4)Aldol反应引入侧链，同时得到8α-羟基；(5)7位羟基氧化为酮；(6)7位羟基构型的翻转；(7)7位羟基的糖苷化；(8)脱除保护基得到目标化合物。

In model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, also from Brassicaceae, the TRANSPARENT TESTA 12 (TT12, AtTT12) gene is seed coat-specific and encodes a vacuolar flavonoid/H+ antiporter, transporting cytoplasm-synthesized glycosylated flavan-3-ols to the vacuoles for further polymerization into seed coat pigments.

同属十字花科的模式植物拟南芥中，种皮特异表达的TT12（透明种皮12，AtTT12）基因编码一种液泡型类黄酮/H+-逆向转运蛋白，将胞浆内合成的糖苷化的黄烷-3-醇转运到液泡中，供进一步聚合形成种皮色素。

The recent development on the research of the plant myrosinase/glucosinolate system are reviewed, including the organization of myrosinase gene family, their origin, evolution, and the potential functions of the system.

对植物芥子酶防御系统研究进展进行了综述，包括基因家族的结构、基因的表达调控、芥子酶的细胞定位、植物以外其它生物的芥子酶、硫代葡糖苷／芥子酶系统起源进化以及其可能功能等。

The insect chitinase, belonging to glycohydrolase 18 family, is required for chitin recycling and synthesis of new cuticles or peritrophic membranes.

昆虫几丁质酶属于18族糖苷水解酶，是昆虫蜕皮过程中降解旧的几丁质必需的酶，干扰或破坏几丁质酶的活性都可以影响昆虫的正常生长发育。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。