糖代谢

Content of soluble sugar, sucrose and reducing sugar successively went up quickly, till 6 to 7 weeks after anthesis, the maximum value was achieved, after this time, as the cormel gradually developed maturely, content of soluble sugar, sucrose and reducing sugar declined at different speed, and m etabolism of inner carbohydrate was prone to slowness.

同时期籽球内碳水化合物代谢极为旺盛，籽球内可溶性糖、蔗糖和还原糖含量继续快速上升，至花后第6～7w达到最大值，此后随着籽球的成熟，可溶性糖、蔗糖和还原糖含量不同程度下降，内部碳水化合物代谢趋于缓慢。

The comparisons of biochemistry between OP and OR rats The differences between OP and OR rats included not only body weight, but lipids metabolism and insulin sensitivity as well, characterized with insulin resistance, increasing in serum free fatty acids and ketone body, and hepatic TC and TG in OP rats. However, no significant differences were observed in serum TG, TC, LDL, HDL and fasting glucose between OP and OR rats.⑶Comparisons of metabolites in serum, urine and liver tissue between OP and OR rats①There were significant differences in amino acids concentration between OP and OR rats,especially in liver tissue, such as high concentrations in ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids in OP rats, suggesting differences in amino acids metabolism;② The different metabolites between OP and OR rats included increasing of various saturated fatty acids and decreasing of polyunsaturated fatty acids in OP rats;③The urinary metabolites analysis indicated that different structure or metabolism of gut microflora might exist between the two phenotypes, which probably influenced the regulation of body weight gain;④The end-products of catecholamines in urine and intermediates of krebs cycle in serum in OP rats were all up-regulated, suggesting that the activity of sympatheic nervous system and energy metabolism was higher in OP rats than OR rats.

胰岛素耐受实验和胰岛素敏感指数表明OP动物的胰岛素敏感性较OR动物下降，而OP大鼠血清中游离脂肪酸、酮体、肝脏总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平显著升高；但是，OP与OR大鼠血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白和空腹血糖等的水平并无显著性差异；⑶肥胖易感与肥胖抵抗大鼠血清、尿液和肝脏组织提取物中代谢物的比较研究表明：①OP与OR大鼠的血清、尿液和肝组织提取物中多种氨基酸的含量存在显著差异，并以肝组织中的差异氨基酸数量为最多，包括各种生酮和生糖氨基酸水平在OP组的升高，说明氨基酸代谢的差异是两种体重表型大鼠之间存在的重要差异特征之一；②OP与OR动物肝脏和血清差异代谢物中包含多种饱和长链脂肪酸的升高如十四烷酸、十六烷酸、硬脂酸等和多不饱和脂肪酸的下降如亚油酸和花生四烯酸，说明两种体重表型动物的肝脏脂肪酸代谢存在明显差异；③长期高脂饮食喂养后，动物的尿液代谢物分析表明OP与OR动物体内的肠道菌群结构存在差异，这些菌群上的差别可能在动物体重增长的调节上产生影响；④与OR动物相比，OP动物尿液代谢物中儿茶酚胺类递质的代谢终产物如高香草酸、扁桃酸和4-羟基苯乙酸明显升高。

The result indicated that ZXTMN group excelled the western medicine in the aspects of ameliorating symptom and hemodynamics, adjusting sugar and lipid metabolism, and reducing urine albumin and pltaelet adhesiveness and aggreagtion. The mechanism, which ZXTMN prescription could protect renal function, probably was (1) decreasing the level of sugar and glycosylated ferrohemoglobin;(2) decreasing AR activity of erythrocyte, improving SDH activity of erythrocyte, reducing accumulation of sorbitol in the erythrocyte, thus ameliorating the polyol metabolism;(3) accommodating lipid metabolism;(4) ameliorating coagulation, gathering, thick and mucosity of patient blood.

结果表明，止消通脉宁治疗组明显优于西药对照组，在改善症状，调整糖、脂代谢，减少尿白蛋白，改善血流变，降低血小板粘附和聚集等方面具有显著的疗效，分析其治疗早期DN的机制可能有以下几个方面：（1）降低血糖和糖化血红蛋白；（2）降低DN患者红细胞AR活性、提高SDH活性、减少红细胞内山梨醇积聚从而改善多元醇代谢；（3）调节脂质代谢；（4）改善DN患者血液凝、聚、浓、粘状态，抑制血小板的粘附聚集，从而改善肾脏微循环，保护肾功能。

The SOD and the LDH-1 activities and EST (R_f=0.17 and R_f=0.72) at 1℃weresignificantly higher than the values of the room temperature(P＜0.05), but the total enzymeactivities of LDH, G6PDH and EST at room temperature and 1℃were similar(P＞0.05).This showed well-developed anoxia tolerance of the Heilongjiang wood frog to maintainplasma viability when low temperature interrupts the delivery of oxygen and substrates. LDH-1rose significantly avoided the liver lactic acid accumulation that may created the liver to bewearied. EST (R_f=0.17 and R_f=0.72) rose may enhance the ester metabolism to offer muchenergy. These showed steady metabolic rate and relative stable organism environment of theHeilongjiang wood frog to survive under low temperature.Native PAGE separated proteins of liver tissue successfully on the better condition is 6％final gel concentration and there were 15～19 bands identified on this condition.

同功酶电泳图谱显示，1℃组与室温组黑龙江林蛙肝脏LDH酶活性差异不显著，均以LDH-5为主，但1℃组LDH-1显著高于室温组(P＜0.05)，推测黑龙江林蛙为适应低温低氧环境，增强LDH-1酶活性以较好的利用乳酸，避免因大量乳酸形成造成肝脏疲劳；而1℃组肝脏G6PDH酶活性无显著变化，进一步说明低温条件下葡萄糖戊糖途径和糖酵解作用的互相协调，维持机体代谢的稳定；1℃组和室温组EST总酶比活力无显著变化，但1℃组中R_f=0.17和R_f=0.72的EST同工酶显著升高(P＜0.05)，推测在低温条件下黑龙江林蛙可能通过选择性增强部分酯酶同功酶活性，增加肝脏酯类物质代谢，为机体提供维持生命必需的最低能量。

Results: The changes following hydrocortisone intervention of rats could be identified by PCA, and the kidney deficiency syndrome rats entered a state of "hyperfunction", involving a series of changes in metabolic pathway and metabolic network. The response integral area of lactic acid (δ 1.37) increased, indicating the accumulation of metabolites of lactic acid. The amount of dimethylamine (δ 2.72) also increased, indicating that the disorder of kidney function was related to kidney-deficiency syndrome. The response of creatinine (δ 3.87), asparaginic acid (δ 2.83), taurine (δ 3.44, 3.28), and hippurate (δ 7.84, 7.56, 7.64, 3.97) all decreased significantly, indicating that the hydrocortisone might cause adrenal cortex excretion injury. The response integral area of succinate (δ 2.41) and citric acid (δ 2.53, 2.68) decreased, which was usually caused by disorder of the mitochondrial function.

结果：PCA方法处理肾虚证和空白对照大鼠尿液数据显示，两组大鼠的数据可以在得分图实现分类，与对照组比较肾虚组大鼠由于氢化可的松诱导，大鼠机体进入一个过消耗后衰弱的状态，相关代谢发生显著变化，乳酸(δ 1.37)代谢发生堆积；二甲胺(δ 2.72)的含量增加，提示肾虚与肾功能异常是密切相关的；天冬氨酸(δ 2.83)，牛磺酸(δ 3.44， 3.25)，马尿酸(δ 7.84， 7.56， 7.64， 3.97)，肌氨酸(δ 3.87)等的相对积分面积明显下降，这预示糖皮质激素可能引起了肾上腺皮质分泌功能的损害；琥珀酸(δ 2.41)和柠檬酸(δ 2.53， 2.68)是三羧酸循环能量代谢及糖酵解的中间产物，其含量的降低，通常是由于线粒体功能紊乱所引起。

The results showed that Tang-an-kang could respond symptomatically, lower blood-sugar, diminish urinary protein, regulate endogenous creatinine clearance rate and lipid metabolism etc. It was suggested that Tang-an-kang had a good action on improvement lipid metabolism, diminishing urinary protein and renal function protection.

结果表明：糖安康治疗组在改善DN患者临床症状，降低血糖、糖基化血红蛋白及血肌酐，减少尿蛋白及尿白蛋白，调节内生肌酐清除率，降低血与尿β2微球蛋白，调节脂代谢，改善血液流变性等方面，疗效均优于单用西药的对照组，提示糖安康有良好改善糖脂代谢、减少尿蛋白、保护肾功能的作用。

The quality of purified 2-KGA from its fermentation products was up to industrial standard. In addition, several hexoses, such as D-glucose and D-sorbitol can be utilized to synthesize 2-KGA by this newly-mixed culture. The growth and anabolism of the B529-V6 were studied in 4M〓 and 300M〓 fermentor respectively. The results showed that its growth and anabolism were affected by carbon sources, ratio of D-glucose and L-sorbose, nitrogen sources, growth factors, inoculum quality and culture condition including the initial pH value, temperature and ventilation.

新菌系B529-V6表现出了较强的高浓度L-山梨糖耐受能力、较高的底物代谢速率和较高的2-KGA转化能力，在8％山梨糖浓度的发酵培养基中培养48h，糖酸转化率较对照菌系提高了5.94％；山梨糖浓度提高至10％，其生长代谢受影响程度较小，且能不同程度地利用葡萄糖和山梨醇为底物，合成维生素C前体-2-酮基-L-古龙酸（2-KGA），其发酵产物2-KGA经反相高效液相色谱分析其质量符合工业化生产要求。

Among the four upper leaves on the stem, the physiological and biochemical indices and leaf color of the 4〓 leaf from top responded quickly to change of the plant N level or the N gap between source and sink, suggesting that its color may be a good indicator of plant N status.

当植株氮水平提高或氮素供需差缩小，叶片的氮代谢能力明显增强，碳代谢能力明显减弱；叶片内蛋白氮、非蛋白氮、叶绿素和生长促进型激素的含量提高，可溶性糖和淀粉含量降低；叶片向外输出的氮和糖减少，叶片的衰老过程被延缓。

He analysis of the category and function of TCB stress inducible proteins showed that different groups of proteins were induced by 5 mg L^(-1) TCB stress. They are detoxification enzymes (including esterase, aldo/keto reductases, and glutathione S-transferase), cell wall compound metabolism related enzymes (including UDP-glucose protein transglucosylase and GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase 1), phytohormone metabolism and regulation related enzymes or proteins (including aci-reductone dioxygenase 4, beta-glucosidase, two members of pathogenesis-related proteins from family 10), primary and secondary metabolism regulative enzymes (including translational elongation factor Tu, cytosolic orthophosphate dikinase, triosephosphate isomerases, alanine aminotransferase, and isoflavone reductase).

CB胁迫能诱导根系内不同类型蛋白质的表达，它们是：解毒酶（包括脂酶、醛／酮还原酶、谷胱甘肽－硫转移酶），细胞壁物质代谢相关酶（包括蛋白转葡萄糖基酶、GDP-甘露糖－3，5-异构酶1），激素代谢或调节相关酶（包括酸式－还原酮二加氧酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、病程相关蛋白家族10中的2个不同蛋白），原初或次生代谢相关酶（包括转录延长因子、细胞质磷酸丙酮酸双激酶、磷酸丙糖异构酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶和异黄酮还原酶）。

Sodium propionate and sodium pyruvate could promote liver gluconeogenesis by up-regulating the abundance of PEPCK-C mRNA in the hepatocytes, but the up-regulation was limited.

表明，丙酸钠、丙酮酸钠能通过上调体外培养的新生犊牛肝细胞PEPCK-C mRNA的表达而促进肝糖异生代谢，但上调作用是有限的；胰岛素能通过下调体外培养的新生犊牛肝细胞PEPCK-C mRNA的表达而抑制肝糖异生代谢，且下调作用呈剂量依赖性；胰高血糖素与胰岛素作用刚好相反；瘦蛋白未起直接的调节作用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。