糖

The immunoregulation activity of SPG-1 mainly existed in the part of sugar chain, but keeping its molecular structure intact had some effects on its immunoregulation activity; SPG sulphation had reducing effects on the immunoregulation of SPG-1, whereas, after medium and low acetification of SPG, the immunoregulation of SPG was enhanced. Conversely after high acetification, the immunoregulation of SPG-1 decreased, that is, after introducing sulfuric and acetic acid base in SPG-1, its immunoregulation changed. All of these indicated the structure of SPG-1 was closely connected with its immune activity.⑤.

甘薯糖蛋白SPG-1的免疫调节活性主要在其糖链部分，但保持分子结构的完整性对其免疫调节的活性有一定的作用；甘薯糖蛋白硫酸化对甘薯糖蛋白SPG-1的免疫调节有降低作用，而中、低度乙酰化后，可提高甘薯糖蛋白的免疫调节作用，高度乙酰化后则降低其免疫调节作用，即甘薯糖蛋白引入乙酰基和硫酸基团后，其免疫调节活性发生了改变，这些均表明了甘薯糖蛋白的结构与其免疫调节活性有密切的关系。

Peripheral plasma membrane proteins extracted from the spermatozoa from caput,corpus and cauda epididymis as well as vas deferens were probed with four lectins—Arachis hypogaea agglutinin、Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin、Dolichos biflorus agglutinin、Triticum vulgaris agglutinin.The results indicated that the 104 and 95kD AHA binding glycoproteins,and the 117、114、104、87、76、70kD ConA binding glycoproteins were synthesized and modified in the testis;the 120 and 65kD ConA binding glycoproteins,and the 54kD DBA binding glycoprotein were modified or lost during epididymal maturation;the 109kD ConA binding glycoprotein,the 74、70、45kD DBA binding glycoproteins,and the 57kD TVA binding glycoprotein were modified during epididymal maturation.

结果表明：与花生凝集素结合的104kD和95kD糖蛋白，与伴刀豆凝集素结合的117、114、104、87、76、70kD糖蛋白在睾丸中已完成了蛋白合成及修饰过程；与伴刀豆凝集素结合的120kD和65kD糖蛋白，与双花扁豆凝集素结合的54kD糖蛋白在精子附睾成熟过程中被修饰成其它种类的蛋白或被丢失；与伴刀豆凝集素结合的109kD糖蛋白，与双花扁豆凝集素结合的74、70、45kD糖蛋白，以及与麦胚凝集素结合的57kD糖蛋白是在附睾中完成其修饰过程的。

Sugar alcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, lactitol, maltitol, isomaltitol are applied in confectionery products, chewing gums, and mixed juices. In this research, capillary zone electrophoresis was used to build up a basic analysis model to simultaneously analyze sugar alcohols.

糖醇的种类可分为单糖醇与双糖醇，主要应用的单糖醇有甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、丁四醇，而双糖醇则有乳糖醇、麦芽糖醇和异麦芽酮糖醇(isomaltitol，又称为巴糖醇，palatinitol)等。

The monosaccharides in LBP-4 identified by GC were xylose , galactose , mannose , Rhamnose , glucose and arabinose with the molar ratio of 4. 45: 1. 20: 1. 0: 0.98: 0.90: 0.85. The content of calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron in LBP-4a were 127. 9070mg·g〓, 32. 3953mg·g〓, 0.3845mg·g〓 and 0.2930mg·g〓, respectively. The content of galacturnic acid in LBP-4a was 55. 45% while the content of protein is 3. 80%. According to IR spectra, it contains -COOH group,-NH- roup,-OH group,-NH〓 group and β-D-glucose. The backbone of sugar residues chain in LBP-4a were contained 1→6 indican bond according to periodate oxidation and the results of β-elimination reaction indicated that the chain of polysaccharides and protein were connected by O-linked chemical bond. The photograph of LBP-4a got by laser scanning confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope showed that the LBP-4a combined both with each other and with itself in its crystalloid. The crystalloid was flake and anisotropic.

由LBP-4a的红外光谱图知：LBP-4a中含有-COOH、-OH和-NH〓或-NH-基团，糖链中含有β-D-吡喃葡萄糖；高碘酸氧化实验知LBP-4a糖链中不具有连二羟基和连三羟基结构的单糖残基：具有连二羟基结构的单糖残基：具有连三羟基结构的单糖残基=57.0：16.2：1，六碳糖残基的连接中含有1→6连接的糖苷键；通过β消去反应证明LBP-4a中多糖链和氨基酸间为-O-型连接；由激光扫描共聚焦显微镜和扫描电镜对LBP-4a结晶观察结果推测：LBP-4a结晶中同时存在分子间和分子内结合的现象，LBP-4a分子相互结合时，并不是无规则的相互缠绕形成无规线团结构，而是形成片层结构，并且LBP-4a结晶可能具有各向异性的性质。

Chapter 4 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Amperometric Detection forComposition Analysis of LaminarinThe composition of laminarin was firstly determined by analyzing its hydrolysis monosaccharides with capillary zone electrophoresis - amperometric detection.

第四章毛细管电泳一安培检测法测定昆布中多糖成分本论文首次用毛细管电泳一安培检测法测定了昆布多糖水解单糖的成分，实现对(来源：Aa4BC9b2b论文网www.abclunwen.com)昆布多糖的测定。在选定的最佳条件下，昆布多糖水解产物岩藻糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、木糖在20min内实现完全分离而且在铜电极上有着很好的电流响应。通过对昆布多糖中水解单糖成分含量的计算显示该多糖中岩藻糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、木糖的摩尔比为

Their structures were identified by chemical and spectral analysis. RESULTS Five compounds were isolated and identified as stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 20β-hydroxy-ecdysone,β-L-thymidine, pennogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside and pennogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-]-β-D-glucopyranoiside.

结果 分离并鉴定了5个化合物，分别是Δ5，22-豆甾醇3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷，20β-羟基蜕皮激素，β-L-脱氧胸腺嘧啶苷，偏诺皂苷元3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基－(1→2)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷和偏诺皂苷元3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基－(1→4)-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基－(1→4)-［α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基－(1→2)-］-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷。

Make up 40% sugar juice now, using sugar volume and raw material to compare is 1: 0.7, 0.2% citric acid are added in sugar juice, because watermelon skin organization is harder, can appear candy law to heat with boil make, cast the watermelon skin that cent has cut into to boil make, it is OK to begin big a crucial moment heats, make its fast evaporate moisture, boil raw material to become transparent all the time, when sugar juice concentrates ceaselessly and showing syrup, should be to use small fire to undertake heating, lest produce anxious saccharify to make product darkly Brown, determine sugar juice chroma is achieved 70% when should stop to heat.

现配制40%糖液，用糖量与原料比是1：0.7，在糖液中加入0.2%柠檬酸，因西瓜皮组织比较坚硬，可用一次透糖法加热煮制，把分切好的西瓜皮投进一起煮制，开始可以大火候加热，让其快速蒸发水分，一直煮到原料变得透明，糖液不断浓缩而呈糖浆时，应是用小火进行加热，以免产生焦糖化使产品呈黑褐色，测定糖液浓度达到70%时就应停止加热。

The results showed that glucose and fructose are primary soluble sugars from night to 10: 00 a.m. in mature leaves, but during 13: 00 - 16: 00 p.m., stachyose becomes the most abundant oligosaccharide, this diurnal change is mostly due to the tempestuous fluctuation of stachyose concentration in mature leaves. During photoassimilate transportation, the p rimary soluble sugar in phloem sap is stachyose. When transportation is finished, sucrose becomes the main sugar in phloem sap. Cucumber leavesmay store photoassimilate in the forms of starch, glucose, fructose, stachyose and sucrose at night. The concentrations of glucose, fructose and stachyose in phloem sap are much lower than in leaves at that time. There may be some unique mechanisms modulating source-sink translocation by which soluble sugars in leaveswere prevented from loading into the phloem further during night.

结果表明夜间至上午10： 00，葡萄糖和果糖是叶片中主要的可溶性糖，而下午13： 00至16： 00，水苏糖成为成熟叶片中含量最高的可溶性糖，这种变化主要由叶片中水苏糖含量剧烈的昼夜变化引起；当黄瓜同化物从源叶向外运输时，韧皮部汁液中的可溶性糖以水苏糖为主，运输完毕后则以蔗糖为主；黄瓜成熟叶片在夜间以淀粉、葡萄糖、果糖、水苏糖、蔗糖等各种形式贮藏尚未运出的同化物，而此时韧皮部汁液中葡萄糖、果糖、水苏糖的含量极低，可能有特定的源库调节机制阻止叶片中的可溶性糖在夜间进一步向韧皮部中装载。

Reduction of aldoses or ketoses yield sugar alcohols ,properly called 'alditols," hoch2-n-ch2oh.the suffix "-itol is applied to the trivial prefixes to denote different alditols; e.g., d-glucitol, d-manniitol, xylitol.

醛糖或酮糖被还原后变产生糖醇，确实的叫法为&多羟糖醇&，hoch2-n-ch2oh。其后缀&-itol&接在俗名前缀之后表示不同的多羟糖醇，例如d-葡糖醇、d-甘露糖醇、木糖醇。

Reduction of aldoses or ketoses yield sugar alcohols ,properly called 'alditols," HOCH2-n-CH2OH.the suffix "-itol is a lied to the trivial prefixes to denote different alditols; e.g., D-glucitol, D-ma iitol, xylitol.

醛糖或酮糖被还原后变产生糖醇，确实的叫法为&多羟糖醇&，HOCH2-n-CH2OH。其后缀&-itol&接在俗名前缀之后表示不同的多羟糖醇，例如D-葡糖醇、D-甘露糖醇、木糖醇。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。