精神病学

Error cognitive modes and passive defensive behavioral modes are the psychopathological features of school phobia.

错误的认知模式和消极防御的行为模式是学校恐怖症的精神病学特点。

Susan Smally is psychiatry Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Susan Smally是是洛杉矶加州大学的一位精神病学教授。

维持原判,Tindal CJ 提出了三条界定方式,沿用至今:"To establish a defence on the ground of insanity it must be clearly proved that, at the time of the committing of the act the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong".

意为：犯罪之时，出于精神上的疾病；不了解所做之事的本质是何；不理解所做之事是不正当的。这其中第一条是必要条件，第二与第三条满足之一即可）。庭上要有人指认他的精神病史，并精神病学专家出庭作证。个人认为，这给法律的公正性加了许多水分。能够指认精神病史的，必定是熟识被告的亲朋好友，证据真实性有待查究。其次对于专家证据，一些权威总比另一些权威更具权威性，而法律是基于伦理道德以及常识的决断，不该被引入攀比权威的歧途。此外我个人认为，任何犯罪，小到行窃大到杀人放火，都是人类不正当的心理因素引发的过激的生理行为。我们怎么能为其中的一些人，由于他们的心理太过不正当，而对他们的生理行为从轻处决？物极而反么？即便如此，这条界线又该划在哪里才是合理的呢？

"Trichotillomania is compulsive in the sense that people can't control it. People feel unable to stop the behavior even though they know it is causing negative consequences," said Jon Grant, M.D., J.D., a University of Minnesota associate professor of psychiatry and principal investigator of the study.

&强迫性的拔毛症意义是指人们无法控制它与人们感到无法制止的行为，即使他们知道这是造成消极的后果，&乔恩格兰特，医学博士，法学博士，美国明尼苏达大学的精神病学副教授和主要研究人员的研究。

Uzan S is the professor at the University of Los Angeles. She just led the study of ADHD in Northern Finland.

S是UCLA的一位精神病学教授，她刚刚在芬兰北部负责一项有关ADHD的研究。

Objective To explore features and tendency of forensic psychiatry in the identification for the convicts being in prison.

目的 探讨近年来在押罪犯司法精神病学鉴定的特点和发展趋势。

First there was medicine, via the "nervous disorders"; next psychiatry, when it set out to discover the etiology of mental illnesses, focusing its gaze first on "excess," then onanism, then frustration, then "frauds against procreation," but especially when it annexed the whole of the sexual perversions as its own province; criminal justice, too, which had long been concerned with sexuality, particularly in the form of "heinous" crimes and crimes against nature, but which, toward the middle of the nineteenth century, broadened its jurisdiction to include petty offenses, minor indecencies, insignificant perversions; and lastly, all those social controls, cropping up at the end of the last century, which screened the sexuality of couples, parents and children, dangerous and endangered adolescents-undertaking to protect, separate, and forewarn, signaling perils everywhere, awakening people's attention, calling for diagnoses, piling up reports, organizing therapies.

首当其冲的是医学，它藉由的是&神经紊乱症&；精神病学后发先至，它着手探求精神疾病的病因。起初它目不转睛于&性无度&，接着是手淫，而后是欲求不满，而后是&反生育欺诈&，更为特别是，它将性倒错的研究领域，整个地占为己有。刑事审判也参与其中，它对于&性&的关注由来已久，特别是那些&十恶不赦&，有违人伦的性犯罪。但是，十九世纪中期，它开始大显身手，轻微犯，未成年犯、无足轻重的性倒错都难逃法网。最后，所有这些在19世纪末突现的社会控制，承担着防护、隔离与预警的责任，于是，关于&性&的危言四起、触目惊心，诊断&性&已时不我待，&性&报告堆积如山，&性&治疗大张旗鼓，以此掩护夫妻们、父母们与儿童们、以及处于或步入&危险的青春期&少年们的&性&万无一失。

First there was medicine, via the "nervous disorders"; next psychiatry, when it set out to discover the etiology of mental illnesses, focusing its gaze first on "excess," then onanism, then frustration, then "frauds against procreation," but especially when it annexed the whole of the sexual perversions as its own province; criminal justice, too, which had long been concerned with sexuality, particularly in the form of "heinous" crimes and crimes against nature, but which, toward the middle of the nineteenth century, broadened its jurisdiction to include petty offenses, minor indecencies, insignificant perversions; and lastly, all those social controls, cropping up at the end of the last century, which screened the sexuality of couples, parents and children, dangerous and endangered adolescents-undertaking to protect, separate, and forewarn, signaling perils everywhere, awakening people's attention, calling for diagnoses, piling up reports, organizing therapies.

首当其冲的是医学，它藉由的是&神经紊乱症&；精神病学后发先至，它着手探求精神疾病的病因。起初它目不转睛于&性无度&，接着是手淫，而后是欲求不满，而后是&反生育欺诈&，更为特别是，它将性倒错的研究领域，整个地占为己有。刑事审判也参与其中，它对于&性&的关注由来已久，特别是那些&十恶不赦&，有违人伦的性犯罪。但是，十九世纪中期，它开始大显身手，轻微犯，未成年犯、无足轻重的性倒错都难逃法网。最后，所有这些在19世纪末突现的社会控制，承担着防护、隔离与预警的责任，于是，关于&性&的危言四起、触目惊心，诊断&性&已时不我待，&性&报告堆积如山，&性&治疗大张旗鼓，以此确保夫妻们、父母们与儿童们、以及处于或步入&危险的青春期&少年们的&性&万无一失。

This reality is exposed by a vast amount of X-ray material to be a chilling and gloomy vision of the future, stage-managed for decades by the security forces in collaboration with medical and psychiatric institutions who together have created a secret power which transcends law and order and which is beyond intrusive public control.

通过大量的X光材料，这个事实被曝光，这是一个冷酷的，黑暗的将来的视野，由与秘密机构合作的医疗和精神病学机构进行已有10年了，他们一起创造了一个秘密的力量，它凌驾法律和秩序，凌驾和骚扰公众，对公众进行控制。

Weintraub, a professor of neurology and psychiatry at the Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, says she began investigating a possible link between PPA and vasectomies after a 43-year-old patient asked her if his sterilization surgery might be linked to his PPA.

西北Feinberg医学院神经病学和精神病学教授Weintraub在一名43岁男性患者咨询其绝育手术是否同PPA相关后，开始研究PPA同输精管切除术之间的可能关联。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。