精子的

To investigate whether the expression of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in spermatogenic cells during spermatogenesis is actually a temperature dependent event, in situ hybridization, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to study the expression of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in normal and cryptorchid testis. Results showed that heat would differentially hurt male germ cells in different developmental stages during spermatogenesis, especially the pachytene primary spermatocytes. Most of spermatogonia in contralateral cryptorchid testis were not harmed fatally by heat as yet, indicating that spermatogonia could resist to beat to a certain extent. In this case spermatogonia could develop to pachytene/diplotene primary spermatocytes, but they could not acquire the ability to complete the transition from mitosis to meiosis, and then appeared to go through apoptosis. Therefore, we could not find the descendants of meiosis: secondary spermatocytes and round spermatids, elongated spermatids and spermatozoon. The abdominal temperature had no significant influence on the transcription of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in the spermatogonia and pachytene/diplotene primary spermatocytes. In normal rabbit testis, cyclin B1 increased in the pachytene/diplotene primary spermatocytes before meiosis and reached its peak in the spermatids.

为了解精子正常发生过程中cdc2和cyclin B1表达的低温依赖性，我们利用原位杂交和免疫组化等方法，研究了正常和隐睾精子发生过程中cdc2和cyclin B1的转录和翻译调控活动，结果表明：（1）热对各阶段的雄性生殖细胞都有损害，粗线期的初级精母细胞尤为敏感，实验性隐睾内的精原细胞尚未完全受到"致命"影响，说明精原细胞对热有一定的耐受性，但即使成为粗线期／双线期初级精母细胞，却未能获得由有丝分裂过渡到减数分裂的能力，呈现不同程度的凋亡，所以在整个切片中找不到源自减数分裂的产物----次级精母细胞、圆形精子细胞，更谈不上长形精子细胞和精子的形成；（2）腹腔高温未明显地影响隐睾精原细胞和粗线期/双线期初级精母细胞中cyclinB1和cdc2的转录，说明高温并不是通过影响cyclin B1和cdc2的转录活动而导致生精过程阻断的；（3）正常兔睾丸组织中，〓在精原细胞和粗线期／双线期精母细胞中均有表达：cyclin B1蛋白在减数分裂前期的粗线期／双线期初级精母细胞中的表达量增加，于变态末期的精子细胞中达高峰。

In conclusions: 1 The treatment that buffalo occytes are cultured in Ionomycin (5 min)+CDM (3 h)+ 6-DMAP(3 h) after ICSI with sorted sperm can improve their subsequent embryonic development; 2 The dead ultrasoniced sorted sperm can be used for ICSI; 3 The result of ICSI with sorted sperm is similar to that with unsexed sperm, but the result of IVF with sorted sperm is lower than that with unsorted sperm; 4 The treatment of heparin after ICSI with sorted sperm can improve the blastocyst development rate; 5 The development rate of blastocyst with sorted sperm was variable among buffalos indicating that sorting high quality sperm from specific buffalos can increasethe efficiency of ICSI.

结果表明：1水牛分离精子ICSI后用Ionomycin(5min)+CDM(3h)+6-DMAP(3h)方法激活处理能提高其胚胎发育率；2分离后的死精子经超声断尾也能用于水牛卵母细胞的ICSI；3分离精子的ICSI效果不低于未分离精子，但分离精子的IVF效果却低于未分离精子；4肝素能促进分离精子ICSI后的胚胎发育；5分离精子ICSI后的胚胎发育率在不同公牛之间有差异，选择能产生高质量精子的公牛进行精子分离，可以提高ICSI的效率。

To make the wapiti sperm capacitated in vitro, we selected and used the method of sperm-up. By making the rate of acrosome reaction as a main index, and the sperm energy, the survial time and the fertilizated rate of wapiti sperm and hamster mature oocytes as auxiliary indexes, it were carried out to compare the effects of wapiti sperm capacitation in vitro under different temperature, different density of pyruvate sodium, caffeine and heparin and different culture medium.

对马鹿精子，使用上浮法诱导其获能，通过对顶体染色测定精子的顶体反应率并作为主要指标，同时以精子活力、精子存活时间和异种受精率为辅助指标，对精子的获能效果进行评价，以比较不同培养温度、丙酮酸钠浓度、咖啡因浓度、肝素浓度以及培养基对马鹿精子体外获能效果的影响。

A eupyrene sperm and an apyrene sperm combined together forming a normal mature sperm, and the function of apyrene sperm was helping eupyrene sperm to swim.

一个有核精子和一个无核精子联合在一起组成一个正常的成熟精子，其中无核精子的功能是帮助有核精子游动。

There are many factors resulted in male infertility. Majority is associated with sperm count, morphology and motility. Men with oligospermia, asthenospermia, teratozoospermia and azoospermia account for 20~25% of the cases.

引起男性不育的因素有很多，大部分与精子的数目、形态及运动功能有关，其中由于精子生成过程的停滞或障碍所导致的少精子、弱精子、畸形精子和无精子症占男性不育的20～25％。

In this project we use microscopic and submicroscopic technology to research the sperm morphology and its ultrastructure of Leptobrachiinae, discuss the characters and taxonomics of spermatozoa and its utilization on the taxology, relatedness, phylogeny of Leptobrachiinae. this study will provide the new cues for the presented problems about the taxology and phylogeny in this field. Likewise,ultrastrucure of sperm are also disscussed.

本项目采用显微和亚显微技术，对拟髭蟾亚科各属代表种精子的形态结构进行系统地研究，分析各属物种精子的形态结构特征，比较它们的异同，探讨该亚科精子的分类；探讨精子形态分类与该亚科物种的分类和系统进化的关系，为解决一些分类和进化问题提供精子学证据；并对重要种类精子的超微结构进行研究。

However, most experimental evidence is indirect and unassembled. In this paper the studies on LDH-C and energy metabolism of mammal spermatozoa were reviewed, We suggested that LDH-C played the multi-roles in energy metabolism of mammal spermatozoa, not only in directly the energy metabolism pathway but also in the signal pathway of spermatozoa.

综述了对哺乳动物精子能量代谢和LDH-C两个方面的研究，提出LDH-C在精子的能量代谢中扮演着多重角色，不仅直接参与精子的能量代谢，还可能参与哺乳动物精子获能的信号途径，LDH-C和哺乳动物精子的能量代谢密切相关。

A unique example of sperm cooperation in monotremes is used as evidence that the epididymis produces sperm competition proteins to form groups of 100 sperm into bundles that have a forward motility nearly thrice that of individual spermatozoa.

本文为此提供了证据，证据之一是单孔类动物精子的协作模式。附睾产生精子竞争蛋白，将100个精子集结成束，其向前运动性是单一精子的三倍。

And MIS is also found to bind to specific receptor on the membrane of sperm. Our study showed that viability of fresh human sperm incubated with His6-tagged rMIS (303-376) was higher than in absence of His6-tagged rMIS (303-376) at 5 and 22 hours, indicating MIS affects the motility and viability of sperm by binding of its 74 amino acids segment with the specific receptor on the sperm membrane, most probably YWK-Ⅱprotein.

在我们的实验中，将His〓-tagged rMIS（303-376）与人精子在37℃孵育5和22小时后，分别检查精子的生存情况，发现精子生存力比对照组明显提高，这说明MIS可能是通过其中74个氨基酸片段与精子膜上特异受体结合而对精子发挥作用，而此受体很可能是YWK-Ⅱ蛋白。

The clinic studies show that Jujing Pill can increase obviously the spermatozoa's density of the oligospermatism patients and the astheno-spermia's spermatozoas's energy,live ratio,the forward moving speed;decrease the deformed spermatozoa's ratio of the deformity of sperm;increase obviously the percentage of normal monoploid spermatozoas in the male infertility patients;decrease the percentage of the abnormal polyploid spermatozoas.

临床研究表明，聚精丸能明显增加少精子症患者的精子密度，提高弱精子症的精子活力、活率及精子向前运动速度，降低畸形精子症患者的精子畸形率，显著提高男性不育症患者精液中正常单倍体精子的百分率，降低异常的多倍体细胞的百分率。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。