粗糙表面

The results show that the surface roughness decreases with increase of the inclination angles within the range of 10° to 30°. After the angle approaches to 30°, increase of the inclination angle causes increase of the surface roughness. Furthermore, the effect of inclination angles on cutting speed was investigated.

研究结果表明：工件倾角的大小对已加工表面粗糙度有明显的影响，在倾角为10°～30°时，表面粗糙度随着工件倾角的增大而降低；此后，随着倾角的进一步增加，表面粗糙度有所升高。

Oxidation, diffusion, photoetching process and etching technology were adopted to achieve thin silicon foil with a thickness of 3 to 4 micrometers. The surface roughness was about 10nm and the grain size of silicon foil was nanometer scale. The preparation parameters were studied to control the roughness of thin silicon foil .

通过台阶仪测量厚度在3～4μm的Si平面薄膜，在扫描范围为1000μm时，它的表面粗糙度为几十纳米；SEM测量表明，Si薄膜表面颗粒度在纳米量级；探讨了采用控制扩散、腐蚀参数和表面修饰处理来降低Si膜表面粗糙度的方法。

To study the surface hydrophobicity of solid materials with the lattice Boltzmann method , the rough surface is approximately treated with simple periodic rectangular, saw-toothed and semicircular protrusions structure respectively. A two-phase lattice Boltzmann model is used to simulate the changes of surface hydrophobicity by calculating the contact angles of a droplet on rough surfaces.

将固体表面分别近似为具有简单的周期性矩形、三角形和半圆形微粗糙结构表面，建立两相流的晶格玻尔兹曼模型，通过测量不同微粗糙结构表面上液滴的接触角，探讨微结构形状和尺寸的改变对固体材料表面疏水性能的影响。

Surface roughness and geometry topography have very obvious difference between ordinary and ultraprecision grindings. Surface roughness of ultrapreciscon grinding will decrease with abrasive size and grinding depth decrease, surface veining owing to plastic deformation is very clear.

超精密磨削和普通磨削的表面粗糙度和几何形貌存在明显的差异，超精密磨削的表面粗糙度随着金刚石砂轮磨粒尺寸和磨削深度的减小而减小，表面由于塑性变形形成的纹理比较明显。

In the traditional founded surface metrology, the irregular roughness of surface topography falls into three scales, which were form, waviness and surface roughness respectively, according to their corresponding wavelength or frequency.

传统的表面计量学中，表面形貌的这种不规则的粗糙性被划分到三个尺度之中，分别为形状误差、波纹度和表面粗糙度。

Jb-2c roughometer, is specially used to evaluate surface roughness of internal and external roll paths of bearings .it can also be used to measure the roughness of parts in forms of plane, sphere and of small size.

仪器用以评定轴承内外圈滚道表面粗糙度。仪器也可测量平面、斜面、球面、外圆柱面、内孔表面、深槽表面，圆弧面及微小零件的粗糙度，所以在机械、模具等行业中广泛使用。

The standard workpiece of the ring compression test by Lee and Altan will be used in this report. The specimen will first annealed to eliminate the internal stress and then through different ways of machining to produce different roughness of surface and different direction of machining marks. The ring compression test with various lubricants and dry friction were carried out at room temperature. The experiment results were drawn on the diagram of friction factor developed by Lee and Altan to compare the influence of the roughness of surface to plastic forming with or without lubricants.

实验将依Lee and Altan压环试验所用之标准压环试片进行，实验试片先经退火处理消除内应力，再将试片以各种不同之加工方式制作成具有不同的表面粗糙度，与不同刀痕方向之摩擦面，再於常温环境下实施乾摩擦与添加不同润滑剂之压环试验，将实验结果所得之数据绘制於Lee and Altan之定剪摩擦系数图中，以比较其不同表面粗糙度对塑性成形之影响，同时也说明在各种不同表面粗糙度下添加各种润滑剂对成形之影响。

Based on geometrical and physics optics, the principle of light scattering method to measure surface roughness was analyzed. The mirror and diffraction model were set up which show there is a quantitatively corresponding relationship between light's intensity distribution of reflected flare—light scattered band and surface roughness parameters.

作者通过对光学非接触表面粗糙度、微位移测量单元技术进行分析，确定以结构简单、测量速度快的光散射法测量表面粗糙度；以光散射法测量表面粗糙度和光学三角法测量微位移这两种不同工作原理和功能的光电传感器作为集成对象，使二者实现相同光源、相同光路、相同光敏接收器的光电传感器集成。

The FRP tube has a very slippery surface, with roughness rate only 0.009, which is considered as perfect slippery Tube for hydraulic. In daily usage, the wall of the tube of steel, iron or concrete are often corrosive and become rough, while the cross-winding tube can keep a clean and slippery wall surface.

玻璃钢管道内表面相当光滑，一般表面粗糙率可达0.009，几乎可以认为是&水力学光滑管&，在实际运行中，钢管、铸铁管、水泥管等的内表面，经常发生局部腐蚀，变得越来越粗糙，而往复交叉缠绕玻璃钢管道始终保持着新生管表面光滑状态。

Results 1、 Generally, we can see the original blue and white, shiny, no cracks in the articular surface of the cartilage after the stress increases gradually yellow, surface roughness, cracks appear; when the pressure decreases, the yellowing, rough, the color of the fracture restore gradually and become shiny.2、the shiny smooth surface can be seen under a light microscope, formation, cell distribution, tidy, clear the level of cartilage at the articular surface stress increases, the surface roughness changes, defects, disordered cells, uneven dyeing ; when the articular surface of the pressure gradually decreased, the cartilage gradually repair and the surface of cells at the surface appear only disorder.3、immunohistochemical observation can be seen throughout the observation period, cartilage cells are type Ⅱ collagen expression and expression after 3 weeks gradually weakening, when the seventh week begin to strong gradually.4、 electron microscopy shows that when stress increases the articular surface, the cartilage cells became flat, the cytoplasm in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus decreased with collagen disorders; and when stress decreases the articular surface, cartilage cells gradually returned normal, cytoplasm in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body gradually restore quantity; collagen fibers with a gradual rules.

结果：①大体观察可见到原本蓝白色、有光泽、无裂纹的软骨在关节面压力增大后，逐渐呈灰黄色，表面粗糙，出现裂隙；当压力逐渐减小后，变黄、粗糙、有裂隙的软骨颜色逐渐恢复，变得有光泽②光镜下可见表面光滑、平整，细胞分布均匀、整齐，层次清楚的软骨在关节面压力增大后，表面变粗糙、缺损，细胞排列紊乱、染色不均；当关节面压力逐渐减小后，软骨表面逐渐修复，细胞仅在表层排列紊乱③免疫组织化学观察可见整个观察期内软骨细胞胞浆内均有Ⅱ型胶原表达，术后3周内表达逐渐变弱，从第7周时开始逐渐变强。④电镜下可见当关节面压力增大后，软骨细胞逐渐变扁，胞质中内质网膜、高尔基体减少，胶原排列紊乱；当关节面压力减小，软骨细胞形态逐渐恢复正常，胞质中内质网膜、高尔基体数量逐渐恢复；胶原纤维排列逐渐有规则。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。