粗糙表面

When pH value.5, faster deposition rate, faster growth rate of crystallizing nucleus, which causes bigger crystalline granularity and bad surface quality of the deposits such as crassitude or darkling.

镀液pH值和Sn~(2+)离子浓度也是影响晶粒粒度大小的关键因素。pH＜0.5时，沉积速度过快，晶核成长速度快，晶粒粒度较大，镀层表面粗糙、发黑，表面质量差。

Based on the non-linear characteristics of fractal theory,the surface profile of cylindrical roller s is studied.

基于分形理论的非线性特征，对圆柱滚子加工表面轮廓进行理论研究，探讨用分数维来表征其加工表面的粗糙度。

The gauge block surface under test is imaged by the interference microscope. The interference image is acquired and transmitted to the computer by the digital CCD video camera. Digital image processing technology is used to extract the edge contour line and midline of the interference dark fringe.

待测量块表面经干涉显微镜所成的干涉图像由数字CCD 摄像头采集并传输到计算机中，利用数字图像处理技术，对干涉条纹的边缘和中线进行提取，计算出量块表面粗糙度评定参数。

Then, by the aid of the self-made piezoelectric vibration table, experiments of vibration drilling were done on duralumin (2A12) and stainless steel (0Cr18Ni9), and the aperture size, surface topography and surface roughness were tested.

在此基础上，利用自制的压电式振动工作台进行了硬铝和不锈钢的轴向振动钻削实验，并对孔径大小、表面形貌和表面粗糙度进行了测量。

Compared with the graphite, the coefficients of friction of the RL-C/C are lower under the same load of about 0.08-0.12, and the increasing range of the volume losses are still lower than those of the graphite. Compared with the SL pyrocarbon material, the COF and the volume loss of the SL-C/C are about 0.02-0.05 and 0.2 mm^3, lower than those under the same load. The COFs of most RL-C/C and SL-C/C specimens remain stable or decrease slightly with time, while those of the graphite and pyrocarbon specimens increase. The thickness of the integrated friction film of the RL-C/C decreases with load, but the wear surface of the SL-C/C is rough. Tough the wear surface of the graphite is integrated, the serious abrasive wear make the debris move easily and accumulate on the edge of the wear trace to form a restacked morphology. On the wear surface of the pyrocarbon material, some loosed debris, circular worn holes and flake worn out pyrocarbon has been found.

结果表明：PAN炭纤维改善C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损行为；在实验载荷范围内，与高强度石墨材料相比，含RL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.08~0.12；体积磨损量增幅降低；与热解炭试样相比，具有SL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.02~0.05，体积磨损量低0.2立方公厘左右；随着时间的延长，大部分C/C复合材料的摩擦因数基本相对稳定或呈小幅下降，而石墨、热解炭块的摩擦因数均呈不同幅度的上升；具有RL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面膜厚度随载荷增加而降低，具有SL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面较粗糙；高强石墨能形成较完整致密的摩擦膜，但磨粒磨损严重，磨屑易在摩擦膜边缘形成层状堆积；热解炭块摩擦表面磨屑堆积松散，有较多的孔洞以及热解炭层整体剥落的形貌。

Compared with the graphite, the coefficients of friction of the RL-C/C are lower under the same load of about 0.080.12, and the increasing range of the volume losses are still lower than those of the graphite. Compared with the SL pyrocarbon material, the COF and the volume loss of the SL-C/C are about 0.020.05 and 0.2 mm3, lower than those under the same load. The COFs of most RL-C/C and SL-C/C specimens remain stable or decrease slightly with time, while those of the graphite and pyrocarbon specimens increase. The thickness of the integrated friction film of the RL-C/C decreases with load, but the wear surface of the SL-C/C is rough. Tough the wear surface of the graphite is integrated, the serious abrasive wear make the debris move easily and accumulate on the edge of the wear trace to form a restacked morphology. On the wear surface of the pyrocarbon material, some loosed debris, circular worn holes and flake worn out pyrocarbon has been found.

结果表明：PAN炭纤维改善C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损行为；在实验载荷范围内，与高强度石墨材料相比，含RL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.08~0.12；体积磨损量增幅降低；与热解炭试样相比，具有SL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.02~0.05，体积磨损量低0.2 mm3左右；随着时间的延长，大部分C/C复合材料的摩擦因数基本相对稳定或呈小幅下降，而石墨、热解炭块的摩擦因数均呈不同幅度的上升；具有RL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面膜厚度随载荷增加而降低，具有SL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面较粗糙；高强石墨能形成较完整致密的摩擦膜，但磨粒磨损严重，磨屑易在摩擦膜边缘形成层状堆积；热解炭块摩擦表面磨屑堆积松散，有较多的孔洞以及热解炭层整体剥落的形貌。

It is thought by analyses that the cause of piebald wire is reffection diference of light at rough surface which is due to higher temperature and higher O 2 content in furnace in annealing of half finished product to make steel wire oxidation loss ,to make steel wire face rough after acid pickling.

分析认为形成"花丝"的原因是半成品在退火时由于炉温过高及炉内富氧造成氧化烧损、酸洗后的钢丝表面粗糙，对光的反射与正常表面不一样所致。

Evaluation of three-dimensional surface roughness need to measure the three-dimensional coordinates of the points in the surface assessment region, the horizontal coordinates (x-coordinate), vertical coordinate (y-coordinate) and elevation data (z-coordinate).

三维表面粗糙度的评定需要测量出表面评定区域内各点的三维坐标，即横向坐标、纵向坐标和高度数据。

On the basis of establishing planar cutting model and cutting equation, through analyzing the rigidity of technical system infrequency chart, change cutting coefficient and the angle of cutter etc, emphasis measuring and analyzing hard turning 45 hardened steel the damaged layer of finished surface cutting force the roughness on finished surface and researching on the mechanism of wear and damage of cutter.

在分析二元切削模型和切削方程的基础上，进一步研究了切削变形及其影响机理；通过工艺系统刚性的频谱分析，改变切削用量、刀具几何参数等因素，测量并分析研究了精切淬硬钢的切削力、已加工表面粗糙度、加工硬化及表面残余应力及刀具的磨损情况，基本形成了精加工45~#淬硬钢的切削基础理论。

The results show that the surface of the chemical treated Kevlar stitch thread is rougher than that of the untreated thread.

实验结果表明，化学处理的Kevlar缝线表面变得粗糙，缝线表面氧元素的含量提高23％，在合适的处理条件下，缝线的拉伸强度降低很小。

I'm gonna go pack my regular, long bathing suit.

我要去打包我那不起眼的超长泳裤

Random number generators are used in many areas, with the improvement of the computational ability of the computer.

随着计算机计算能力的不断提高，随机数发生器在许多领域有了更加广泛的应用。