粗糙度

The results indicate that as the value of fractal dimension is increased, the interfacial static friction coefficient first increases and then decreases; the interfacial static friction coefficient decreases as the fractal roughness parameter increases; while the inter-facial static friction coefficient increases as the material property or total normal load increases; the curve of static friction coefficient versus dimensionless total normal load is convex when the fractal dimension becomes smaller or fractal roughness parameter is larger or material property becomes smaller.

研究结果表明：界面的静摩擦因数首先随分形维数的增加而增加，然后随分形维数的增加而减小；界面的静摩擦因数随分形粗糙度参数的增加而减小，但随材料特性的增加而增加，也随总法向载荷的增加而增加；当分形维数较小或分形粗糙度参数较大或材料特性较小时，静摩擦因数－量纲一的总法向载荷曲线为凸弧。

The value of roughness is depended on landscape, vegetation cover and crop cultivation direction, the larger the roughness is, the less the wind erosion intensity is.

地表粗糙度反映地表对风速减弱的作用以及对风沙流的影响，其值大小取决于地形、植被覆盖及作物的播种方向，粗糙度越大风蚀强度越小。

In order to realize quick,nondestructive and automatic measurement of the surface roughness of high accuracy gauge block,a surface roughness measurement system based on interference image processing is studied out.

为实现高精度量块表面粗糙度的快速、无损伤、自动化检测，研制了一套基于干涉图像处理的表面粗糙度检测系统。

The results of synchrotron radiation X-ray grazing incidence reflection shows that thickness and surface roughness of ZnO thin films grown at 650°C and 0.13Pa are 46.2nm and 0.63nm respectively, and the roughness at the interface is 1.41nm.

同步辐射掠入射X射线反射结果显示650℃，0.13Pa条件下生长的ZnO薄膜的厚度为46.2nm，表面粗糙度为0.63nm，薄膜与衬底界面的粗糙度为1.41nm。

But the surface roughness marking function conforming to the national standard isn t supported in the AutoCAD software.

表面粗糙度是机械图纸的重要组成部分，但是AutoCAD绘图软件中没有提供符合国家标准的表面粗糙度标注功能。

Decreasing the parts' surface roughness, as it is shown after a long time practice that can realize the reliability and stabilization of the match; can reduce faction coefficient, wear, stress concentration, vibration, noises, and power consumption; can improve the operative precision and perceptivity; can increase the support area and contact intensity; and also can improve wear degree etc.

长期的生产实践表明，降低零件的表面粗糙度，对保证配合的可靠性和稳定性；对减少摩擦系数，降低动力消耗；对提高机械和仪器的工作精度和灵敏度；对增大支撑面积，减少磨损，提高接触刚度；对减少应力集中，增加耐疲劳强度，减少振动和噪声等均起着重要的作用：即表面粗糙度直接影响着机械和仪器的使用性能和使用寿命。

Oxidation, diffusion, photoetching process and etching technology were adopted to achieve thin silicon foil with a thickness of 3 to 4 micrometers. The surface roughness was about 10nm and the grain size of silicon foil was nanometer scale. The preparation parameters were studied to control the roughness of thin silicon foil .

通过台阶仪测量厚度在3～4μm的Si平面薄膜，在扫描范围为1000μm时，它的表面粗糙度为几十纳米；SEM测量表明，Si薄膜表面颗粒度在纳米量级；探讨了采用控制扩散、腐蚀参数和表面修饰处理来降低Si膜表面粗糙度的方法。

The main research content is: Using the experimental of cutting force and roughness of high speed face milling cutter and high speed end milling cutter mill aluminium alloy and cast iron, analyze the rules of the high speed milling velocity, feed rate per tooth, milling depth and milling width to high speed processing. Use multiple linear regression method, set up surface roughness and the cutting force fluctuation models. Certify the regression model notability, and provide a reliable guarantee for the accuracy of function optimization. Based on the targets of productivity, manufacturing cost, surface roughness, cutting force fluctuation optimization model, according to research of the high speed milling parameters selecting restrict of work piece, machine, tool and safety, set up high speed milling parameters multi-object optimization system.

本文以已有的高速铣削机理及高速刀具技术研究成果为基础，结合高速铣削试验，进行了基于遗传算法的高速铣削参数优化研究与系统开发，主要的研究内容为：通过高速面铣刀和高速立铣刀加工铝合金和铸铁等材料的切削力和表面粗糙度试验，进行了铣削速度、每齿进给量、铣削深度和铣削宽度对高速铣削加工过程影响的研究；采用多元线形回归的方法，建立了切削力及其振幅和表面粗糙度模型，并对模型的显著性进行验证，为高速铣削参数优化模型的建立奠定了基础。

The experimetal results show that the flexural moment of the sample in the prebending direction is far bigger than that in the vertical direction to pre-bending and the spherical shape can be conquered during pre-loading laser peening forming to a great extent.

试验结果表明，在弹性预加载下，板料在弹性预弯方向获得的弯矩要比与弹性预弯垂直方向上的弯矩大得多，弹性预加载下激光喷丸成形可以有效地克服自由状态下激光喷丸件呈球形现象，激光喷丸件的曲率是自由状态下激光喷丸成形曲率的2～3倍；在相同曲率下，弹性预加载下激光喷丸成形件的表面粗糙度比自由状态下激光喷丸成形件的表面粗糙度要低1～2等级，因此弹性预加载下激光喷丸成形要优于自由状态下的激光喷丸成形。

Three kinds of cutting material were selected to machine stainless steel machining experiment such as ceramic cutting tools, cermets cutting tools and coated carbide cutting tools, in which the best range of each kind of tool material was founded. For example, LT55 was suitable to be machine lCrl8Ni9Ti as the cutting speed surpasses 120m/min and have a good wearable property.(3) Surface roughness was measured under different cutting conditions. Feed rate played the most important role in impacting surface roughness, and then cutting speed.(4) Chip patterns in different cutting speed with various cutting materials were analyzed. With the increase of turning speed, chip became shorter and was easy to be broken. For instance, serration chip appeared in high sped turning stainless steel with LT55;(5) Work hardening of austenitic stainless steel was analyzed.

陶瓷刀具LT55适合在Vc=120m/min以上切削加工不锈钢，耐磨性好；③通过试验研究了不同刀具材料高速车削加工1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢时的表面粗糙度，其中进给量对表面粗糙度的影响最为显著，其次为切削速度；④分析了不同刀具材料在不同切削速度下加工1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的切屑形态，随着车削速度的提高，切屑变短且易断屑，其中LT55陶瓷刀具切削加工时产生了锯齿状切屑；⑤分析了奥氏体不锈钢的加工硬化机理及其对刀具磨损的影响；⑥根据试验结果分析在不同切削条件下切削不锈钢的刀具磨损形式及其磨损机理。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。