粗糙

The optical characteristic value Sn is used to evalute intensity distribution of light scattering according to statistical point of view. Using novel semiconductor laser, fiber collimation technique and etc, laser scattering surface roughometer has been developed.

从几何光学和物理光学的观点出发，分析了光散射法测量表面粗糙度的机理，所建立的镜面模型和衍射模型说明包括中心反射光斑和其两翼散射光光能分布和表面粗糙度之间存在着定量的关系；从概率统计出发，确立以光学散射特征值Sn来作为恒量粗糙表面散射光带光能分布的依据。

Leaf sheaths longer than internodes, glabrous or pilose, one margin ciliate; leaf blades linear, 11–20 cm × 2–5 mm, glabrous or pilose, margins scabrid, apex finely acuminate; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Panicle loosely contracted, narrowly elliptic in outline, 10–17 cm; central axis and branches scabrid-hispidulous; branches narrowly ascending, 3–6 cm, loosely spiculate; pedicels scabrid.

节间的叶鞘长于，无毛或具柔毛，一边缘具缘毛；叶片线形，11-20厘米×毫米，无毛或具柔毛，粗糙的边缘，好渐尖的先端；大约0.5毫米圆锥花序的叶舌松弛收缩，轮廓的狭椭圆形，10-17厘米；粗糙主轴线和分枝具短硬毛；狭上升的分枝，3-6厘米，松弛细刺；花梗粗糙。

So in order to solve this problem, we not only use variable precision rough set and ameliorate the arithmetic-reduced used in traditional Rough Set, but also describe this uncertain decision information with weight support and confidence of classing rule.

为了解决这个问题，本文采用了可变精度粗糙集模型，并对传统粗糙集的一种属性约简算法作了改进，以适用于可变精度粗糙集模型，最后引入加权关联规则中的加权支持度和可信度来描述不确定性信息。

We presented a kind of expanding model of Rough Sets, that is the model of Rough Sets with the grade of membership and weight, after lucubrating the deficiencies of the theory of traditional Rough Sets.

在深入研究经典粗糙集理论的一些不足后，我们提出了一种粗糙集的拓广模型，即带隶属度及权重的粗糙集模型。

When a coherent light is scattered by the rough surface, the scatted light forms a granular intensity distribution known as speckle. Speckles are coherent superposition of the light scatted by the rough surface. Therefore, speckles carrier some information of the rough surface.

相干光从光学粗糙表面散射时，结果在探测面上出现随机的颗粒状的强度分布，称为散斑，散斑是由粗糙表面上各面元的散射光波之间的干涉在空间域内形成的，所以散斑也是粗糙表面一些信息的携带者。

The standard workpiece of the ring compression test by Lee and Altan will be used in this report. The specimen will first annealed to eliminate the internal stress and then through different ways of machining to produce different roughness of surface and different direction of machining marks. The ring compression test with various lubricants and dry friction were carried out at room temperature. The experiment results were drawn on the diagram of friction factor developed by Lee and Altan to compare the influence of the roughness of surface to plastic forming with or without lubricants.

实验将依Lee and Altan压环试验所用之标准压环试片进行，实验试片先经退火处理消除内应力，再将试片以各种不同之加工方式制作成具有不同的表面粗糙度，与不同刀痕方向之摩擦面，再於常温环境下实施乾摩擦与添加不同润滑剂之压环试验，将实验结果所得之数据绘制於Lee and Altan之定剪摩擦系数图中，以比较其不同表面粗糙度对塑性成形之影响，同时也说明在各种不同表面粗糙度下添加各种润滑剂对成形之影响。

Based on geometrical and physics optics, the principle of light scattering method to measure surface roughness was analyzed. The mirror and diffraction model were set up which show there is a quantitatively corresponding relationship between light's intensity distribution of reflected flare—light scattered band and surface roughness parameters.

作者通过对光学非接触表面粗糙度、微位移测量单元技术进行分析，确定以结构简单、测量速度快的光散射法测量表面粗糙度；以光散射法测量表面粗糙度和光学三角法测量微位移这两种不同工作原理和功能的光电传感器作为集成对象，使二者实现相同光源、相同光路、相同光敏接收器的光电传感器集成。

At present , concentrate on the research of rough sets theory mainly: The popularization of the rough sets model collected, the uncertainty research of the problem, with other treatment uncertainty, fuzzy mathematics relation and complementation of theories of questions, the research of the pure mathematics theory, rough sets research and research of the artificial intelligence other directions relation that collect ,etc, some of the research is by the push that is used is produced , some of pure theories.

目前，对粗糙集理论的研究主要集中在：粗糙集的模型的推广，问题的不确定性的研究，与其他处理不确定性，模糊性问题的数学理论的关系与互补，纯粹的数学理论方面的研究，粗糙集的算法研究和人工智能其他方向关系的研究等，这些研究有的是受应用的推动而产生的，有的是纯理论的。

The wind velocity increased with the increase of height on bare sandy land under neutrosphere, but the roughness decreased with the increase of wind velocity, which was not so significant that it could be ignored.

利用曲线拟合方法研究其粗糙度结果表明：对于稳定床面来说，下垫面的状况不发生改变时，粗糙度与风速的增长呈负相关关系，但是由于两者相关程度并不显著，因此在实际工作中可以忽略风速对粗糙度的影响。

Results 1、 Generally, we can see the original blue and white, shiny, no cracks in the articular surface of the cartilage after the stress increases gradually yellow, surface roughness, cracks appear; when the pressure decreases, the yellowing, rough, the color of the fracture restore gradually and become shiny.2、the shiny smooth surface can be seen under a light microscope, formation, cell distribution, tidy, clear the level of cartilage at the articular surface stress increases, the surface roughness changes, defects, disordered cells, uneven dyeing ; when the articular surface of the pressure gradually decreased, the cartilage gradually repair and the surface of cells at the surface appear only disorder.3、immunohistochemical observation can be seen throughout the observation period, cartilage cells are type Ⅱ collagen expression and expression after 3 weeks gradually weakening, when the seventh week begin to strong gradually.4、 electron microscopy shows that when stress increases the articular surface, the cartilage cells became flat, the cytoplasm in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus decreased with collagen disorders; and when stress decreases the articular surface, cartilage cells gradually returned normal, cytoplasm in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body gradually restore quantity; collagen fibers with a gradual rules.

结果：①大体观察可见到原本蓝白色、有光泽、无裂纹的软骨在关节面压力增大后，逐渐呈灰黄色，表面粗糙，出现裂隙；当压力逐渐减小后，变黄、粗糙、有裂隙的软骨颜色逐渐恢复，变得有光泽②光镜下可见表面光滑、平整，细胞分布均匀、整齐，层次清楚的软骨在关节面压力增大后，表面变粗糙、缺损，细胞排列紊乱、染色不均；当关节面压力逐渐减小后，软骨表面逐渐修复，细胞仅在表层排列紊乱③免疫组织化学观察可见整个观察期内软骨细胞胞浆内均有Ⅱ型胶原表达，术后3周内表达逐渐变弱，从第7周时开始逐渐变强。④电镜下可见当关节面压力增大后，软骨细胞逐渐变扁，胞质中内质网膜、高尔基体减少，胶原排列紊乱；当关节面压力减小，软骨细胞形态逐渐恢复正常，胞质中内质网膜、高尔基体数量逐渐恢复；胶原纤维排列逐渐有规则。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。