粒子加速器

Still, atom smasher searches for particles that formed shortly after the Big Bang could shed new light on the universe's mysterious existence -- and make it a bit less strange than it is today.

然而，原子加速器搜寻在大爆炸之后迅速形成的粒子可以对宇宙神秘存在有一个新的了解--并可以使得它不至于比今天这样的奇怪。

Accelerators are used to study the structure of atomic nuclei and the nature of subatomic particles and their fundamental interactions.

加速器用来研究原子核的结构，亚原子粒子的性质及其基本相互作用。

The cyclotron accelerates positively charged particles, while the betatron accelerates negatively charged electron s.

回旋加速器加速正电荷粒子，贝他加速器加速负电荷电子。

The cyclotron accelerates positively charged particles, while the betatron accelerates negatively charged electrons.

回旋加速器加速正电荷粒子，贝他加速器加速负电荷电子。

In electron storage rings, the interactions by beams with residual gas produce the bremsstrahlung which has not been sufficiently understood and is the main course of the loss of the beam.

由于加速器产生高能粒子，在实际应用中必须面临辐射防护方面的问题。加速器储存环直线节中残余气体产生的轫致辐射是同步辐射装置中光束线防护的重要课题之一。

Medical cyclotrons accelerate heavy charged particles （proton, deuteron, etc.） to produce radiation isotopes used for clinical applications.

医用回旋加速器主要用以加速重荷电粒子，藉由高速粒子与靶材发生的核子反应，生产放射性同位素供医疗使用。

Using the mechanism of the nuclear reaction of accelerated 7Li +3 ions with the inner target in mutant material i.e 1H( 7Li, 7Be)n, the biological effects were studied. The wheat seeds were irradiated with the doses ranged from 1.416×10 10 ions/cm 2 to 1.416×10 12 ions/cm 2. It was found that the cell membrane ruptured, the plasmolysis occurred, the nucleus shape changed.

将加速器7Li+ 3 离子束与生物体内遗传物质发生1H( 7Li，7Be)n内靶特征核反应诱发核酸分子结构变化的机制应用于生物诱变，辐照剂量在 1 41 6× 1 0 10 粒子 cm2 - 1 41 6× 1 0 12 粒子 cm2范围内处理的小麦，观察幼苗叶片细胞亚显微结构，发现离子束注入引起了细胞膜的破裂，细胞发生质壁分离，细胞核形状变得不规则等。

Thus it is suitable to simulate the particle longitudinal motions in electrostatic accelerators in which bunching systems are incorporated.

程序采用大量粒子模拟束团在纵向相空间内的运动，并用Monte-Carlo方法随机产生相空间内各代表点的初始条件。因此，较为适合模拟粒子在配有聚束器件的静电加速器中的纵向运动。

In the "indirect" process, first observed in neutral kaon particles in 1964, quantum mechanics allows particles to change into their antiparticles and back again in a process known as "mixing". In 2001, The BaBar team, working at the Stanford Linear Accelerator -- and independently the Belle collaboration at the KEK laboratory in Japan -- were the first experiments to detect this in a B meson. BaBar observed "direct" CP violation in 2004 by showing that the number of decays observed for B mesons was higher than for their antiparticle equivalents.

在&间接&过程中，量子力学允许粒子在一种被称为&混合&的过程中，在自身与其反粒子之间相互转变。1964年人们第一次在中性K介子上观测到这种现象。2001年，在斯坦福直线加速器中心工作的BaBar研究组和另一个日本高能加速器研究中心的Belle研究小组各自独立地第一次在实验中观测到这种现象发生在B介子上。2004年，BaBar小组观测到了&直接&电荷宇称不守恒，他们发现观察到的B介子的衰变数量要高于其对应的反物质。

It took Cockcroft and Walton five years to build a machine that worked. Finally, in April 1932, they had a machine that produced a steady stream of hydrogen nuclei with an energy of about half a million volts. They were carefully measuring the quality of the stream, in no hurry to begin doing nuclear experiments. On the morning of April 13, Rutherford came into their room, saw what they were doing, and lost his temper. He told them to stop wasting their time and do some science. The next day, Cockcroft was occupied with other business. Walton was alone in the laboratory, ready to do the first experiment, using his hydrogen nuclei to bombard a target made of the light metal lithium. The result was spectacular. The lithium nuclei were split in two and fell apart into pairs of helium nuclei.

用了五年时间，考克饶夫和华尔顿建造出了第一台能运行的加速器，最终，在1932年，他们制造出了能够提供稳定氢粒子流的加速器，粒子能量大约为50万伏特，他们并没有急着做核试验，而是精心测量了粒子流的性质，4月13日清晨，卢瑟福来到他们的房间，看到他们还在测量，大发雷霆，告诉他们停止浪费时间，开始科学研究，第二天，考克饶夫就被安排了其他事情，只剩华尔顿一个人在实验室里，准备做第一次实验，用他的氢粒子流轰击用轻质金属锂作的标靶，结果极为壮观，锂原子被分裂成两半形成一对氦原子，氦原子释放出的能量比氢原子注入的多达三十倍！

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。