粒子

In this dissertation, i has used inverse microemulsions technique to synthesize nano-magnetic particles . This method made nanometer sized cages formed by dissolving surfactant molecules in an apolar organic solvent. The chemical reactions were carried out inside the cages to synthesize nanoparticles. Because the growth of the naoparticles are limited in the cages, the particles were nanometer sized particles.

论文中本人以逆微乳化法去合成磁性奈米粒子，这个方式主要是利用在非极性有机溶液当中使溶解的界面活性剂构成一个奈米级的空洞，控制化学反应在空洞中反应合成粒子，也因为粒子生成受到空洞的限制，以致生成的粒子为奈米粒子。

More levels of nano-SiO〓 lead to larger particle size. An increase in polymerization reaction temperature causes the decrease in coagulum and increase in viscosity and particle size, and the nano-SiO〓 has same effects at certain temperature. When the levels of hydrophilic monomer acrylic acid and hydroxylethyl methacrylate in core composite are increased, the particle size of emulsifier-free emulsion decreases, in spite of the presence of nano-SiO〓.

无皂乳液具有单分散性好、表面洁净、成本低廉、不影响产品性能的特点，首次研究了含或不含纳米粒子的含羟基和羧基的丙烯酸无皂乳液聚合，发现含或不含纳米粒子的无皂乳液聚合后的粒子粒径较大，具有单分散性；较多的纳米粒子导致较大的乳液粒径；反应温度升高，凝聚物含量下降，而乳液粘度和乳胶粒粒径增加，在相同的反应温度下，纳米粒子降低了聚合过程中的凝聚物含量，增加了乳液聚合物的粘度和粒径；不论纳米粒子是否存在，当无皂乳液核组成中亲水单体AA和HEMA用量增加时，乳胶粒粒径均减少。

In Coulomb's Law, the force exerted on one charged particle by another is directed along the line connecting the two particles, and, away from the other particle if both particles have the same kind of charge (both positive, or, both negative) but, toward the other particle if the kind of charge differs (one positive and the other negative).

牛顿第二运动定律公式如下：。。。。在库伦定律中，由一个带电粒子所施加在另一个粒子上的力沿著连接两粒子的一条直线，如果两个粒子有同样的电荷则此力为排斥力，如果两个粒子有同样的电荷，则为吸引力。

The force exerted on one charged particle by another is directed along the line connecting the two particles, and, away from the other particle but, toward the other particle

C： 在库伦定律中，由一个带电粒子所施加在另一个粒子上的力是被指向连接两粒子的一条直线，与另一粒子反向，但朝向另一粒子

The plasma frequency of doped semiconductor can be adjusted by changing the dope concentration.

其次，讨论了颜料粒子的单散射性质，计算了球形均匀粒子、包覆球形粒子、旋转椭球粒子以及其它非球形粒子的散射和吸收性质。

Congregation obtained after chitosan k and a treatments showed more tightness than sediments obtained without chitosan treatment, sediments after chitosan b and c treatments were network in structure. Mixed systems of pectin, protein and polyphenol were applied for studying a simulated system of kiwifruit juice. It was shown that the aggregates of pectin molecules in pectin solution were dispersing tubular globules. Particles in mixed solution of pectin and bovine serum albumin had two states: one was circular in photo, the other contained single particle or aggregates of several particles. Pectin decreased the interaction between protein and polyphenol and strengthened the stability of mixed solution of pectin, protein and polyphenol. Chitosan flocculated mixed solution of pectin, protein and polyphenol, and the floccule was white, having a network structure.

用果胶-蛋白质-丹宁酸混合体系作为猕猴桃原果汁的模拟体系研究结果表明：1、果胶溶液中果胶分子聚集物呈中空球形均匀分散；2、果胶／牛血清白蛋白混合溶液中的球形粒子有两种：粒子中央光线可透过，照片上呈环形；粒子的中央包含有单个或多个球形粒子的聚集体，认为粒子的中央是蛋白质，外层是果胶；3、果胶的存在抑制或减弱了蛋白质-丹宁酸之间的相互作用，果胶起到防止蛋白质-多酚产生沉淀的作用，增强了溶液的稳定性；4、壳聚糖加入果胶-蛋白质-丹宁酸混合溶液中时，可以絮凝果胶-蛋白质-丹宁酸混合溶液，溶液中出现白色的网状絮凝物。

People through nuclear reactions, have been synthesized 17 kinds of atomic number greater than 92 of the transuranic elements, and thousands of The new kinds of radioactive nuclides, and by high-energy and ultra-high energy-ray beam and the interaction of atomic nuclei and found hundreds of kinds of short-lived particles, namely, baryon, meson, lepton, and particle resonance states of these particles has led to a new field of study - the birth of particle physics since the age of .70, nuclear physics has entered a deep development and wide application of new, more mature stage, on the one hand the development of particle acceleration and detection techniques, expanding people's research in nuclear means, the other hand, nuclear technology to serve the national economy, for example, for the development and utilization of nuclear energy to provide more accurate nuclear data; the use of isotope tracer technique diagnosis and treatment of disease; the use of radiation and irradiation preservation of food, irradiation breeding .

人们通过核反应，已经人工合成了17种原子序数大于92的超铀元素和上千种新的放射性核素，并且通过高能和超高能射线束和原子核的相互作用，发现了上百种短寿命粒子、即重子、介子、轻子和共振态粒子，对这些粒子的研究导致了一门新学科——粒子物理学的诞生。70年代以来，核物理进入了纵深发展和广泛应用的新的更成熟的阶段，一方面发展粒子的加速技术和探测技术，扩充人们研究原子核的手段，另一方面将核技术服务于国民经济中，例如，为核能的开发利用提供更为准确的核数据；利用同位素示踪技术诊断和治疗疾病；利用射线及辐照技术保存食品、辐照育种等。

This dissertation involves the study of the growth dynamics of colloidal particles under unequilibrium and irreversibility condition. Firstly, it is of interest to investigate whether the ideal diffusion or reaction-limited aggregation universal behavior can be observed for the initially polydisperse practical system of basic yttrium carbonate as well. The fractal structure of basic yttrium carbonate aggregate cluster was observed using transmission eletron microscopy. The aggregation kinetics of basic yttrium carbonate colloids was studed using dynamic 1ight-scattering techniques. At 1.00mol/l NaCl solution the fast diffusion-limited aggregation behavior was observed with an increase in the aggregate size over time described by a power law. The aggregates are characterized by a fractal dimension D=1.82. The disordered and ramified cluster is consisted of primary colloidal particles and tenuous and more open. These are in good agreement with those observed for other colloidal system such as colloidal gold (1.86), silica (1.85) and polystyrene latex (1.82) in diffusion-limited aggregation from the static and dynamic light scattering by Lin. Therefore ideal diffusion-limited aggregation behavior can be observed in practical polydisperse system as well. Smoluchwski and fractal theories were used to obtain the aggregation rate constant for initially polydisperse system for the first time.

本论文研究胶粒的非平衡不可逆聚集动态学，分为两个部分，第一部分是通过实验研究一个新的初始多分散的碱式碳酸钇胶粒实际体系中，聚集标度性质的普适性，即使用透射电子显微技术观测聚集粒子簇的分形结构，使用动态激光光散射研究碱式碳酸钇胶粒的聚集动力学，胶粒带电而产生静电排斥作用使得碱式碳酸钇胶粒处于稳定状态，当加入电解质NaCl溶液时，碱式碳酸钇胶粒间的Debye-Hückel屏蔽距离缩短，从而降低静电排斥能垒，引起胶粒发生不可逆聚集，加入电解质NaCl的浓度为1.00mol/l时，碱式碳酸钇胶粒进行快速聚集，经历扩散控制聚集机理，形成结构疏松、更为开放的分形聚集粒子簇，其分形维数为1.82，碱式碳酸钇胶粒聚集增长动力学遵循幂函数增长规律，与Lin等使用静态激光光散射和动态激光光散射测量硅胶(1.85)、金胶(1.86)和聚苯乙烯胶乳(1.82)在扩散控制聚集状态形成聚集粒子簇的分形维数值以及粒子簇聚集增长的动力学规律相一致，表明胶粒聚集标度性质的普适性质在初始多分散的实际体系中也是存在的，首次由动态激光光散射的实验数据得到初始多分散胶粒分形粒子簇的聚集速率常数，并且其值与Smoluchowski聚集速率理论预期相符。

Abstract］ Objective To Treating the nano-SiO2 particle by silicon coupling reagent, functionalize the SiO2 by making double bond on its surface. Polymerizing on the surface of nano-SiO2 surface by the method called emulsion polymerization, the nano-SiO2 is covered by polymer to get the PMMA-KH-570-nano-SiO2 complex material. Test the surface structure of the surface of nano-SiO2 by FTIR, and test sort of its mechanical performances.Comparing the treated nano-SiO2 which is directly dispended in the PMMA emulsion with the SiO2 without any treatment, we are trying to find an effective method which can not only increase the dispersion of SiO2, but also improve the mechanical performance of the artificial teeth.

目的 通过硅烷偶联剂KH-570处理SiO2纳米粒子，向其表面引入双键使其功能化，采用乳液聚合的方法在SiO2纳米粒子表面进行接枝聚合，实现高分子对SiO2纳米粒子的表面包覆处理，制得PMMA－KH-570－SiO2纳米复合材料，采用FTIR对SiO2纳米粒子表面结构进行了表征研究，并且测定了它的多种机械性能，与表面处理过的SiO2纳米粒子直接分散至PMMA乳液中制得的复合材料、未添加任何增强物质的空白组进行比较，探索一种能够提高SiO2在基体中的分散性，为义齿复合材料的研究和开发提供理论依据和参考。

Cheng, Y. Mean-shift, Mode Seeking and Clustering. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 17, pp. 790, 1995.[2] Comaniciu D, Ramesh V, Meer P. Kernel-based Object Tracking. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 25, pp. 564-577, 2003.[3] Collins R, Liu Y and Leordeanu M. Online Selection of Discriminative Tracking Features. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 27, pp. 1631-1643, 2005.[4] Nummiaro K, Koller-Meier E and Gool L.V. An Adaptive Color-based Particle Filter.

本文针对MS跟踪和粒子滤波跟踪各自的优缺点，将其两者进行了很好地结合，提出了两步跟踪算法，其特点有：保留了MS跟踪实时性的优点的同时，也具有粒子滤波在遮挡情况下的鲁棒性等特点；在所需的每步粒子跟踪中，以上一步的跟踪结果与模板的相似度为先验知识，自适应地选取粒子个数和传播半径，缓解了粒子缺乏多样性的缺点，也根据这个相似度来判断是否需要对目标模板的更新，保证了更新的有效性。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。