粒子

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

The critical rate equation of the particles engulfment is drawn on the bases of thermodynamic conditions and relative movement of the particles against the interface.

基于两相流原理，给出了粒子进入熔体的临界条件，定量描述了考虑粒子浓度时粒子在熔体中的运动速度，建立了粒子俘获/推移的热力学条件，并在热力学条件及粒子相对于固-液界面运动的基础上，建立了粒子俘获的临界速度判据。

According to this understanding, this thesis tries to modify PSO algorithm in order to improve its quality of solutions. The main approches include: using uniform design to ensure the uniform distribution of initial particles in the design space; adding mutation operation to increase the diversity of particles; decreasing the maximum velocity limitation and the velocity inertia automatically to balance the local and the global search efforts; developing a new approach to treat the design variables exceeding the bounds; using extensive local searches to escape local minimum. The overall effect of these approaches can yield better results for most test problems.

有鉴於此，本文针对粒子群演化法之流程参考相关文献并稍作改变，使得粒子群演算法在结果的收敛上更具优势，本文的主要改进的方法包括：应用均匀设计的概念使得初始的粒子可以更均匀地分布在空间上；利用突变增加粒子之间的差异性与多样性；利用适当控制的最大速度限制及惯性权重控制，达到区域搜寻与全域搜寻的效果；应用新的边界处理机制处理设计变数超过上、下限的问题；利用区域强化搜寻针对粒子附近地区，再作进一步的搜索以得到更佳之结果；将各种方法综合后配合粒子群演算法使用，可以得到不错的结果。

By using molecular dynamics simulation, the deposition process of cold spraying nano-scale Au particles on Au (001) surface and the morphological changes of the surface layers of the substrate and the particle are described, in which the many-body potential was used to calculate the interatomic force between the atoms.

通过对Au纳米粒子在Au基体上沉积过程的分子动力学模拟，再现了冷喷涂中Au纳米粒子在Au基体上沉积的过程以及粒子和基体表层的形貌变化；在撞击过程中，基体的局部区域有熔化现象，通过计算粒子原子进入基体表面层的数量及粒子与基体间的最终接触面积，探讨了影响喷涂粒子沉积过程的主要因素。

The iron nanoparticles in inner core have good magnetism and targeting heating effect. The temperature can go up to 52 ℃ in the case that 0.1 g carrier (carbon-coated iron nanoparticles) is injected in a local point of pig's liver,while the temperature can go up to 42℃ in the case that pig's liver uniformly containing carrier of 0.4 wt.% and 45℃ in the case that pig's liver uniformly containing carrier of 0.6 wt.%. Carbon-coated iron nanoparticles also has good antioxidation and stability by an X-rays diffraction structural analysis.

铁纳米粒子磁场强，靶向效果好，有较佳的磁靶向发热效应，在动物病灶局部放置0.1 g碳包铁纳米粒子将能使发热温度平均升到52℃；而将碳包铁纳米粒子均匀与猪肝混合也有明显的产热效果：含量0.4%碳包铁纳米粒子的一组猪肝能将温度升到42℃，而含量0.6%碳包铁纳米粒子的一组猪肝能将温度升到48℃。X射线衍射表明借助于碳的包裹，碳包铁纳米粒子有好的抗氧化性和稳定性。

Result 1 Magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles modified with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of human telomerase reverse transcriptase induced HL-60 tumor cells to apoptosis, we could see typical morphologic change of apoptosis cells: karyopyknosis, chromation"s condensing and aggregation in nuclear, forming crescent-shaped or annulus structures to lean on edge of cell nucleus"s membrane and posing apoptosis body by Atomic Force Microscope, Fluorescence microscope, transmission electron Microscope 2 There was a significant difference compared with control group(p.01), inhibition ratio had significant positive correlation with medication dosage and time ;during 0.8-8μM dosage amplitude, inhibition ratio accrescenced by dosages increasing. However, the inhibition ratio would decrease when dosage over 8-80μM.

结果 1 磁性纳米粒子、修饰有端粒酶反义寡核苷酸的磁性纳米粒子诱导HL-60细胞发生凋亡，原子力显微镜、光学显微镜、荧光显微镜和透射电镜下均观察到HL-60细胞呈现典型的凋亡细胞的形态变化：细胞核固缩，核内染色质浓缩、凝聚、形成新月形或环状结构紧靠在细胞核膜边缘，并形成凋亡小体。2 磁性纳米粒子、修饰有端粒酶反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸的磁性纳米粒子对HL-60肿瘤细胞的生长和增殖有明显的抑制作用，与对照组相比有显著性差异(p＜0.01)，在剂量为0.8-8μmol／L范围内，抑制率随剂量的增加而增加，当剂量超过8μmol／L时，抑制率反而下降；3 磁性纳米粒子、修饰有端粒酶反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸的磁性纳米粒子可增强p53基因的表达活性，引起DNA降解损伤，反向调节细胞周期活动，促使细胞从G0期进入G1期，抑制肿瘤细胞的生长。4 修饰有端粒酶反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸的量子点能通过内吞作用进入HL-60肿瘤细胞的细胞核，可以在细胞内进行定位和促进HL-60肿瘤细胞的凋亡。

The results show that the radiative properties of randomly distributed soot aggregates for a given fractal dimension are complex functions of the monomer diameters, the number of monomers in the aggregates,and the refractive index; For a small value of the monomer diameters, the absorption cross section of soot aggregates tends to be relatively constant when the fractal dimension is small but increases rapidly when the fractal dimension exceeds two. However, a monotonical reduction in light absorption with the increase of the fractal dimension is observed for soot aggregates with sufficiently large monomer diameters, number of monomers,and refractive index. The scattering cross section , extinction cross section and single-scattering albedo increase monotonically with the increase of the fractal dimension. Overall, the results for soot aggregates differ profoundly from those calculated for the equivalent spherical particles, and the discrepancies between them will change small with the increase of the fractal dimension.

研究表明，在给定分形维数的情况下，烟尘団簇粒子的辐射特性取决于原始微粒粒径、数量及复折射率；原始微粒较小的団簇粒子，当分形维数较小时，吸收截面变化不明显，但当分形维数大于二时，吸收截面骤然增大，然而，对于具有比较大的原始微粒粒径、数量及复折射率的烟尘団簇粒子，吸收截面随着分形维数的增大而单调递减；随着分形维数的增大，団簇粒子的散射截面、消光截面及单次散射反照率均单调递增；从整体上来讲，団簇粒子的辐射特性与等效球形粒子的辐射特性存在着比较大的差别，并且这种差别随着分形维数的增大而减小。

Objective To review the changes of the clinical and the image in15patients with Pancreatic Carcinoma who implantation of 125 I seeds,and analyzed the effectiveness of 125 I.Methods From Oct.2002to Oct2003,with the system of MICK200-TPV radiotive seeds implantation,The 125 I seeds were implanted into15patients with Pancreatic Carcinoma.The number of seed were18～45.The activity of per seed was0.45～0.7mCi.The peˉripheral radiation total dose was60～90Gy7patients were superadded radiotherapy（the doses was30-35Gy）.After the seeds implantation.

目的 报告15例胰腺癌 125 I粒子植入治疗后的临床及影像学变化，讨论 125 I粒子对胰腺癌的治疗作用方法自2002年10月～2003年10月，利用MICK200-TPV放射性粒子植入系统，对15例胰腺癌病人植入 125 I粒子，植入粒子18～45颗，每颗粒子活度0.45～0.7mCi，病灶周边剂量60～90Gy.5例植入粒子后补充外放疗30～35Gy。

From the following parameters of candlelight particles: their initial position and number, initial color, life cycle and age, and initial speed and acceleration, research particle system and improve existing particle system.

从烛火粒子的初始位置和数量、烛火粒子的初始颜色、烛火粒子的生命周期和年龄、烛火粒子的初始速度和加速度着手，研究粒子系统方法，改进已有的粒子系统。

The morphological structure of cured vinyl-ester resin and the formation of two-phase structures in vinyl-ester resin has been studied by using SEM and differential scanning calorimetry.The results demonstrated the existence of clusters of gel-particles with a size of about 20 μ m,each cluster of gel-particles containing many gel-particles with coral-like structures.The formation of gel-particles resulted in two-phase structure characterized by the two peaks in the rescanned DSC thermographs of the resin. The cure conditions (temperatures,post-cure) affected microstructure in the cured resins.

采用SEM、DSC研究了乙烯基酯树脂固化过程中凝胶粒子的形成过程及两相结构对固化放热的影响，结果表明，凝胶粒子在固化树脂中呈群状分布，每群凝胶粒子的最大尺寸为20μ m左右，每群凝胶粒子由许多独立凝胶粒子组成；凝胶粒子的形成使树脂产生了两相结构，使树脂的恒温DSC残余放热呈双峰分布；树脂的固化条件影响其微观结构。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。