粒子

The relationship among three ensemble s (microcanonical ensemble ,canonical ensemble ,and grand canonical ensemble ) was discussed by means of derivation of distribution function,calculation of partition function,clarification of the basic thermodynamics as well as the fluctuations of particles in order to get profound cognition of these three ensemble s.

从三则系综(微正则系综、正则系综和巨正则系综)分布函数的推导，配分函数的计算，基本热力学量的表达及能量、粒子数的涨落等方面来讨论三则系综之间的关系，以便更深刻地认识三则系综之间的关系、灵活运用三则系综来解决实际问题。

Thermodynamic properties and mechanism of phase transitions inthe two-dimensional Lennard-Jones Systems are studied by Monte Carlo method. Canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulations are performed for a wide range of thermodynamic equilibrium states.

为深入研究微小尺度系统的热力学性质和相转变机制，以粒子间通过Lennard-Jones势能作用的2维系统为模型，通过正则系综MonteCarlo模拟细致地考察了气/液相转变区的平衡态参数。

Monte Carlo simulations of phase equilibria for lattice polymer systems with chain length r=1,2,4,8 are carried out in the canonical ensemble. All chain molecules are introduced into the cell regularly upon initiation, followed by being perturbed through the repta-tion, end - rotate, crank - shaft and L - flip motions.

应用修正的Widom试验粒子方法在三维立方格子中计算了链节数分别为r=1，2，4，8的链状分子在不同温度、密度下的剩余化学位，然后运用热力学关系计算了以上系统在不同温度、密度下的化学位、压力和压缩因子，并求得系统的相平衡曲线和临界点。

Note that, since these operators commute with the particle number operator., the 2 × 2 = 4-dimensional Hilbert space has a 2-dimensional subspace,, in which a canonical spin representation is realized.

注意，由于这些算符与粒子数算符对易，2× 2 = 4 维的Hilbert空间有一个2维的子空间，其中有一个正则自旋表象。

B Consider the thermodynamic potential using the particle-hole oscillator representation. We are going to check if it gives the same result as the canonical Fermi representation.

利用粒子-空穴振荡表象考虑热力学势，我们要检验它是否能给出正则费米表象一样的结果。

From Figure 5 you can see that the aeo 7 is not only a solution systems of Zeta potential have a greater influence, but also on carbon black to the effects of particle agglomeration significantly greater than the cTAB, sds and capo.

从图5还可以看出，aeo一7不仅差溶液编制的zeta电位有较不小的感化，而且差炭暗粒子堆积的感化水平澄辉不小于ctab、sds和capo。

Air flow is key Keeping particulates to a minimum by disturbing the unidirectional air flow as little as possible, the Bosch VRK 4010 rotary capper applies the caps with the aid of a vial-rotation system.

空气流通是关键保持粒子到最低限度，令人不安的单向气流尽可能少，博世vrk 4010扶轮社封盖机适用于警帽与援助的一小瓶-轮换制度。

In this thesis,the changes of the circulation-time according to different size particles of the broad size coarse carbamide particles were studied.

本文选用宽粒度分布大颗粒尿素物料，在带导流管的喷动流化床中，测定了在不同操作参数条件下，不同粒径粒子的平均循环时间。

The concentration of dioxin generated from diesel engine was affected by the size of carbon granule and the completion of combustion.

前者先文献研究柴油有机氯化物含量和戴奥辛产生之相关性，视碳粒子和燃烧完全状况而异。

These pioneers have included the scientists or teams that discovered many of the fundamental particles of matter, analyzed the cosmic microwaves left over from the earliest epoch of the universe, developed carbon-14 dating of ancient artifacts, decoded the genetics of viruses, and created an entirely new state of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate.

这些先驱者包括科学家或小组，发现了许多基本的物质粒子，分析了宇宙微波遗留下来的时代最早的宇宙，开发碳14测年的古代文物，破译基因的病毒，并建立了一个全新的物质状态称为玻色爱因斯坦冷凝物。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。