类型理论

A study by the European Parliament bemoans the fact that there are four different kinds of European battle tank compared with one in America, and 16 models of armoured fighting vehicle in Europe compared with three in America. America plans in theory to be able to fight two wars in distant places; the Europeans would find it hard to fight one small war close to home without American help.

一项欧洲议会的研究表明令人沮丧，欧洲有四种不同类型的坦克，而美国只有一种；欧洲有16类装甲战车，美国只有3类；但是理论上，美国能够保证同时进行两场局域战争；而如果没有美国的帮助，欧洲人会发现可能连一场发生在家门口的小规模战争也打不赢。

This research achievements is the result at the base of field geologic data colligating with the data of some drilling and seismic, and of the combining of sedimentology and tectonic geology researches, theory and practice researches, actual measurement of skeleton sections and observation of complemented sections, macroscopical studies and microcosmic studies. The classification and characteristics of sedimentary system and the genetic types and expression form are systematically analyzed in the thesis, and the division scheme of the Youjiang basin is put forward.

研究成果是以大量的野外地质资料为基础，综合了部分钻井和少量地震等资料，采取沉积研究和构造研究相结合、理论研究和实际研究相结合、实测基干剖面与补充观察剖面研究剖面相结合、宏观研究和微观研究相结合的方法，系统地分析了右江盆地的沉积体系种类和特征、层序界面的成因类型和表现形式，进而提出了右江盆地的层序划分方案。

In order to analyze the reason for a flawed Iraqi identity, this article delaminates the internal identity of Iraq to two levels——national and sub-national, further distinguishes familial identity, religional identity and ethnic identity on the sub-national level, and studies the relations between national and sub-national identities with looking back at the momentous events in Iraqi history, consequently finds the different influences that various of sub-national identities react on the formation of Iraqi national identity and how the discriminative internal policy intensified sub-national identities, and then builds a theoretical framework with two dimensions from upwards and downwards to explain the reason for unshaped Iraqi national identity.

为了分析伊拉克国家认同没有形成的原因，文章将伊拉克内部认同在国家和次国家两个层次上进行划分，并进一步区分了次国家认同中的家族部落、宗教派系、族群这三个认同类型，然后以国家认同和次国家认同的关系为切入点，研究了伊拉克历史上的几个重大事件，发现了各次国家认同对国家认同的形成具有不同程度的影响，其中族群认同对国家认同形成的破坏作用最大；与此同时，伊拉克前政府歧视性的内部政策强化了各次国家认同，是造成伊拉克国家认同没有形成的另一个原因，从而从上、下两个维度解释伊拉克国家认同未形成原因的理论架构。

This paper makes a systematical research on the basic theory of SPCSAFI, it gives a defined demarcation on the definition, mode, principle of the SPCSAFI, and also it enunciates the SPCSAFI characteristics, functions, and meaning in a deep degree.

本文对农林院校大学生社会实践基本理论进行了全面系统地研究，对农林院校大学生社会实践的概念、类型、原则进行明确界定，对农林院校大学生社会实践的特点、功能和意义进行深入阐述。

After more than 300 years,because the establishment of high-speed railway station Wujih once again becomes the Space Syntax,which is fomnlated by Professor Bill Hillier, analyzes and discuses the spatial configurations and spatial relationships and their characteristics, in order to find the various of types experience of life and societies' connotation which are hidden in space.

经过三百多年，因高速铁路台中站的设置，乌日乡又将再度成为中部交通的枢纽。空间型构理论为Bill Hillier教授所创建，主要分析探讨空间的架构与空间的关系及其特性，找寻出隐藏於空间中各类型的生活经验及社会的内涵。

Under the background of digital DEM of maor mountain area, and through the program of Avenue in Arcview, the result of potential ravine highly inosculates with the real ravine. With the comparison of potential ravine and real ravine, it can reflect the developing tendency of ravine in this area. Through positioning with GPS and investigation in this area, we can divide the potential ravine of this area into three forms, that is parallel ravine area steep ripe ravine area and evenness swamp area. It can provide scientific reference for forest management and tree planting, and it is a new theory to prevent soil and water loss, and carry through the ravine controlling by people.

在数字化生成的帽儿山地区DEM基础上，通过二次开发生成的潜在沟系，具有与现实沟系高度的吻合性，并通过与现实沟系的比较，能客观的反映出该地区沟系发生、发展的趋势，借助于GPS的定位及实际踏查研究，可将帽儿山地区的潜在沟系划分为平行沟系区、陡坡显沟区和平坦沼泽区三种类型，可为合理的森林经营和植树造林提供科学的借鉴，并为防止水土流失，进行沟系治理提供了新的理论依据。

At first, the dissertation neatened the meanings ,types and characters of rubric systematacially; found out the deficiencies in the researchs at home and abroad by literature, and analysed the current problems in using the rubric by questionnaire and interview; based on the analysis on the platforms" functions abroad and the demands of users, the author designed and developed a web-based rubric which can create rubric and assess students online; primarily designed a teaching assessment process based on rubric by the education assessment theories, and by action research, sampled the BiGguiYuan middle school students in Grade 2 as the research objects, used the rubric in information technology teaching; during the study, the author observed the teaching activities,students" learning behaviors and teaching blogs; finally, the author analyzed the dates from questionnaire and teachers interview and observing of the researcher,testified each other in order to validate the effect of applying rubric.

本文首先对量规的含义、类型和特点等进行了系统梳理；通过文献调研发现国内外研究中的不足，并运用问卷调查法和访谈法，分析出当前使用量规过程中存在的问题；在对国外平台的功能和国内用户需求分析的基础上，设计和开发了一个基于网络的量规自动生成和在线评价平台；本研究在现代教育评价理论的指导下，初步设计出基于量规的教学评价过程，通过行动研究，选取顺德碧桂园学校初二学生作为研究对象，在《信息技术》教学中运用该过程；在研究过程中，对教师教学活动、学生的课堂学习行为以及教学日志进行了观察；最后运用&三角互证法&对问卷调查数据、教师的访谈和研究者的观察记录进行分析，验证量规的应用效果。

This paper analyzed the configuration of the five-axis machine tool with a nutating head whose rotational axis is in an inclined plane.

分析两个旋转轴非正交的倾斜旋转轴结构的五轴机床结构，运用机构学理论建立该类型五轴机床机构学模型。

Based on prose texts and prose theories in the past one hundred years and on an analysis of some representative views on prose nature and category during the recent twenty years, this paper opines that prose can be defined as the writing in which the writer elaborates on various pertinent topics to expresses his or her subjective personality, emotions and opinions freely and artistically in a limited space.

论文以近百年的散文文本和散文理论为依据，尤其是对近二十年关于散文本质与类型的代表性观点进行辨析后，认为凡创作主体运用与自己相关的种种题材，直接将自我的个性、情怀、观点等，以散体文句在较短篇幅中自由而又艺术地表达出来，进行多重真实主体的情思互动，且试图传达或改变现实精神结构者，都是散文。

According to the degrees of PSC they have,Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are classified into four stages as elementary ,intermediate ,intermediate-advanced and advanced.Then the phonologies of Standard Mandarin and Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are compared in order to find out the phonological differences between these two dialects. Based on the statistical results, the writer chooses ten typical kinds of pronunciation errors of finals according to the rates of pronunciation errors of finals on stages.Then, the phonetic level analysis is made on them for the four stages respectively. Furthermore, acoustic features of vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs and vowels with nasal endings are analysized and compared by plotting vowel charts and formant patterns for them. Finally, the writer gets some preliminary results of the typical pronunciation errors of finals during the whole process of Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage and on the stages of it respectively.

本文结合当前这种实际研究和应用的需要，以上海地区普通话过渡语为考察对象，从韵母发音偏误入手，借鉴第二语言习得研究中偏误分析和中介语研究的相关理论，采用实验语音学的方法，随机选取了80位上海地区不同普通话水平等级的应试人的应试录音和试卷作为本研究使用的语料，并将其分别对应于上海地区普通话过渡语的四个阶段，重点考察这80位处于不同阶段的应试人在测试的读单字部分的韵母发音偏误现象，通过对各阶段所有应试人的各类韵母发音偏误出现率的统计分析，展示出上海地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面产生的偏误在过渡语各个阶段上的分布特点及趋势；再根据各阶段各韵母发音偏误率的统计结果，选取各阶段共同具有的十类主要的韵母发音偏误，分别绘制过渡语各阶段的偏误音声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图，并与标准普通话中相应韵母的声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图进行比较，从而展示出上海地区普通话学习者的主要韵母偏误类型在过渡语不同阶段上各自的声学特征、偏离标准音的程度和相关趋势，并从一定程度上反映了这一地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面的能力发展轨迹，为普通话教学及培训中如何提高教学效率问题提供一定的参考依据，也为普通话水平测试各等级标准声学特征的建立，乃至为将来测试的计算机化提供了可靠的声学参数。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。