类型理论

In first part it pays attention to theory study. Afterwards, based on linear programming, we introduce some properties of conic optimization and its dual problem, which are a kind of especial convex programming. In second part, we apply these theories to practice, such as least-squares problems, polynomial solution and approximating covariance matrices, and other aspects .

第一部分是理论研究：在线性规划的基础上重点介绍了一种特殊的凸规划类型——锥规划及其对偶锥规划，并介绍了锥规划及其对偶锥规划的发展及其性质。

At present, the application styles of domestic expert systems on pomology are the pomiculture production management expert systems and the fruit tree nutrition diagnosis expert systems, the plant diseases and insect pests diagnosis expert systems. There are some computer technologies on the pomological expert systems such as artificial neural network, fuzzy neural network, multimedia technology, Web technology.

现今，国内果树专家系统的应用类型主要分为果树栽培生产专家系统和果树营养、病虫害诊断防治决策系统两类；在果树专家系统上的应用研究最多的计算机理论主要是：人工神经网络、模糊神经网络、多媒体技术、Web技术等；果树专家系统的开发手段主要是利用现成的农业专家系统平台直接进行二次开发，还有少数是直接利用程序语言进行原型系统开发。

At present, the application styles of domestic expert systems on pomology are the pomiculture production management expert systems and the fruit tree nutrition diagnosis expert systems, the plant diseases and insect pests' diagnosis expert systems. There are some computer technologies on the pomological expert systems such as artificial neural network, fuzzy neural network, multimedia technology, Web technology. The most pomological expert systems were developped on the agricutural expert systems platform, while a few systems were directly developed by the programming languages without platform.

现今，中国国内果树专家系统的应用类型主要分为果树栽培生产专家系统和果树营养、病虫害诊断防治决策系统两类；在果树专家系统上的应用研究最多的计算机理论主要是：人工神经网络、模糊神经网络、多媒体技术、Web技术等；果树专家系统的开发手段主要是利用现成的农业专家系统平台直接进行二次开发，还有少数是直接利用程序语言进行原型系统开发。

The exchange part of the interaction,which is taken to be of finite range and the density dependence of NN interaction,is accounted for in the folding procedure.The results are used as the real part of the optical potential for heavy ion scattering.

回顾了折叠模型的普遍特征和讨论了理论计算过程，对各种类型的核子-核子相互作用下计算的相互作用势进行比较，发现双折叠模型对大部分系统相互作用势的实部取得了满意的结果。

In this paper, we research the feasibility of using the Walsh and Ranktransformation characters as match primitivity in replace of gray character of image. Theexperiment results indicate that the approach is feasible and got a better result comparedwith using grey character as primitivity.

矩理论在图像分析和处理方面有着广泛的应用，从数字图像计算出来的矩集，通常描述了该图像的全局特征，并提供了大量的关于该图像不同类型的几何特性信息。

This article that focuses on the systematic and in-depth research in the current primal problem about abnormal burst pressure reservoir depress burst pressure has procured following main fruits:1 It forms the method which could obtain massive vertical static state mechanics parameters.2 In a foundation of acquisition of rock mechanics parameters,apply bent lamella that as mechanical model along with characteristic of actual geologic characteristics to analysis curvature for anticlinal strcture, get homologous tectonic stress value throug relation between the curvature and stress and different principal curvature in anticlinal structure,consequently set up laminational stress model for anticline reservoir. The block lamination for existed fracturing date has formed method of setting up mechanical model of lamination terrestrial stress by abtaining the block tectonic stress coefficients which are got by complex utilization test, laboratory test and fracturing date playback.3 Analysesing the main reason which lead to high burst pressure by considering the characteristic of reservoir geology,reservoir,and rock mechanics and reservoir damage,etc.Establishing burst pressure quantitative prediction model which provide gist for depressing construction risk and optimizing construction craft under the condition of open hole completion ,gun-perforated completion and damaged reservoir.4 Provding theoretical basis for interpreting acidification pretreatment which could depress busrt pressure by finding the relation between the influencing factors and rock machanics parameters and analysing the factors that have effect on rock mechanics parameters. Expounding the mechanism of reaction of mixed monomineral and acid from the angle of microcosmic element, evaluating quantitatively acid sensilility of different kinds of mineral effectively, and determing the first-order reaction dynamical equation of each mineral.5 Revealing rock mechanics property chage as a result of acid flooding in different condition by sandstone traumata experiment in different temperatures which combined with rock mechanics triaxial stress experiment.6 Associating damage mechanics with sandstone acidizing, established sandstone damage mechanics model in the foundation of the recognition on the rock mechanics parametric variation which is caused by acid-rock reaction in both macroscopic view and microscopic view ,also demonstrated those processes and quantitative estimated the acid busrt pressure to direct the site operation.

本文针对目前异常破裂压力储层降低破裂压力的主要问题展开较为系统和深入的研究，取得了以下主要成果：1形成了利用测井资料，结合室内岩芯测试结果，获取静动岩石力学参数的相关性特征，从而获得纵向上大量静态力学参数的方法。2在获取了岩石力学参数的此基础上，利用弯曲薄板作为力学模型，结合区块实际地质特征对背斜构造进行曲率分析，通过曲率与应力的关系，利用背斜构造不同部位的主曲率求得相应的构造应力值，从而建立起背斜储层的分层应力模型；对已有压裂资料的区块分层，形成了综合利用测试、室内实验、压裂资料反演获得该区块构造应力系数，建立起分层地应力的力学模型的方法。3综合考虑储层地质、油藏、岩石力学特性和储层伤害等因素，分析造成高破裂压力的主要原因，综合利用岩石力学、弹性力学等知识，建立了裸眼完井、射孔完井条件下以及储层受到伤害后的储层破裂压力定量预测模型，为降低施工风险和优化施工工艺提供了依据。4完成了物性、岩性影响岩石力学参数的因素分析，找出了各影响因素和岩石力学参数之间的关系，为从机理上解释酸化预处理降低破裂压力提供了理论基础；从微观元素的角度阐述了单矿物与酸反应的机理；并在此基础上，有效评价了各种矿物的酸敏感性，定量确定了岩石中各矿物的一级反应动力学方程。5完成了不同温度下的酸液类型、酸液浓度、注酸量等一系列砂岩损伤实验，结合岩石力学三轴应力实验，系统揭示了在不同条件下注酸而引起的岩石力学性质变化。6将损伤力学与砂岩酸化相结合，在宏观、微观两个方面认识酸岩反应引起岩石力学参数变化基础上，建立了砂岩损伤力学模型，并对其进行验证，在此基础上定量计算酸化后的破裂压力，有效指导现场施工

Chapter 3 offers an exposition of Conceptual Integration Theory, four prototypical networks and an exemplary application.

第三章是对概念整合理论的介绍，包括基本整合网络及其类型和事例分析。

The study continued previous studies of image segmentation. It brought many kinds of interpretative knowledge of different land-use type and image processing tools together and found out why image segmentation can not be fully automated. During the process of study, repeated provability and enhancement of the original theoretic framework were also be done well.

本研究延续以往对区格化研究的成果，搜集各种不同地物类型的判释知识及与区格化相关之影像处理工具，以系统实作的方式，深入了解区格化未能达到完全自动化的瓶颈所在，并於实作过程中反覆对前人所提之理论架构进行验证及补强。

For the same reason, Punitive damages should be established in our country .

同样，这一责任类型的确立，在我国也具有很强的理论意义和实践意义。

In order to predict gas outburst accurately, mathematical geology model of coal and gas outburst was set up by the second theory of quantification , and which was applied and validated in Zhongmacun Mine of Jiaozuo Mining Group Company.

在焦作中马村矿应用研究结果表明：由于煤与瓦斯突出的分区分带主要受地质条件控制，运用数量化理论Ⅱ，可以借助已知瓦斯突出类型的若干地质变量，建立该矿井煤与瓦斯突出的数学地质模型，并预测未知区的瓦斯突出，这可提高瓦斯突出预测的准确性和可靠

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。