类义

The third part has tried to analyze the universality and diversity in syntacticdistributions among Shi Shi, Bu Shi , Shi Bu Shi , statement adverbs and descriptionadverbs. Pointing out the function doubleness (embody the statement and description)derive from the semantic doubleness (embody the meanings of "Chang Chang and PinPin),The three words bridge the function of statement adverbs and descriptionadverbs,the part also points out that the "Shi Shi "shoud be divided into "Shi Shi1"whichexpresses continuousness and"Shi Shi2 which expresses repeatlity.

第三章对"时时"、"不时"、"时不时"同判断类频率副词与描写类频率副词分别进行了句法分布上的比较分析，指出这三个词功能的双重性来源于它们语义的双重性(既有"常"类副词的意义，又用"频"类副词的意义)，指出了它们在频率副词系统中所起到的桥梁作用；并对"时时"作了表延续义的"时时_1 "和表重复义的"时时_2 "的区分。

This chapter is static description,classified to 4 kinds : bilateral single meaning antonyms、bilateral multi-meaning antonyms、multilateral monosemantic antonyms、multilateral multivocal antonyms.

此章为静态描写，分成四类进行：双边单义的反义词语、双边多义的反义词语、多边单义的反义词语、多边多义的反义词语。

Chapter one is "Introduction". On the basis of summarizing the history of the study of the pictophonetic characters, we suppose some theoretical principle, such as the principle of the correspondence between the form and the meaning of the individual graph of Chinese characters, the principle of the total graphs of Chinese characters being a character-formation system, and the principle of the optimum development of the character -formation system in the history, and som analytic methods, such as the methods of structrue-function analysis, form-position analysis and meaning factor analysis, in the study of the pictophonetic characters. Chapter two is titled"General knwledge of the pictophonetic character." We discuss their origins, nature and some standards of distingnishing them, introduce the knowledge about the editions of SHUO WEN JIE ZI, analyse the functions of the modules of pictophonetic characters in detail, discuss concretely the function of phonetic graphs showing origins and pronunciations, the function of meaning graphs showing meanings and analogies, and the function of distinguishment when the two kinds of graphs are conbined. Chapter three is"The system of meaning graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."After we describe the structure of the meaning graph system, the relations between meaning graphs, the distributions of the function of meaning graphs showing meanings, and the frequency of all this kind of graphs, we get a table of all meaning graphs, a table of the frequency. Chapter four is"The system of phonetic graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."We describe the structure of the phonetic graph system, the relations between phonetic graphs, and between their function showing origins and their function showing pronunciations, and their frequency, then we get ageneral table of phonetic graphs and table of their frequency. Chapter five is "conclusion". We think that systematical methodology is useful in describing and analysing the formation system of Chinese characters. The methodology is adaptable in describing the formation system of modern Chinese characters as well as the historical character systems, adaptable in describing horizontally as well as comparing vertically. Only when we finish the systematical vertical compare on the base of systematical horizontal decription, could we know the true history of the system of Chinese characters, recover the rule of the system's development, and supply the theoretical supports for the scientifical arrangement of modern Chinese characters.

第一部分—绪论，在总结形声字研究历史状况的基础上，提出了研究形声系统的理论原则和分析方法，即汉字个体字符形义统一的思想，汉字字符集合构形系统的思想，汉字构形系统历史演变系统优化的思想等三项理论原则和结构功能分析法，形位分析法，义素分析法等三种分析方法，还扼要地介绍了具体的工作程序和论文的主要内容；第二部分—形声字概述，论述了形声字的来源、性质和鉴别标准，介绍了对《说文解字》正篆形声字说解中的传抄讹误，版本异文，说解错误校勘和考证的经过，详细分析了形声字构件的功能，具体讨论了声符的示源功能与示音功能，义符的示意功能与类化功能以及声符与义符组合中的相互区别功能；第三部分—小篆字系的义符系统，从义符系统的构成、义符间的相互关系，义符示意功能的分布及义符的构字频度等不同侧面，对义符系统进行了全面的描写，产生了义符总表、义符间意义关系总表和义符构字频度总表；第四部分—小篆字系形声字的声符系统，从声符系统的构成、声符间的相互关系，声符的示源功能与示音功能的关系以及声符的构字频度等不同侧面，对声符系统进行了全面描写，产生了声符总表和声符构字频度总表；第五部分—结束语，在全面测查小篆字系形声字的基础上，对研究汉字的方法和现代汉字发展方向的问题提出了一些看法，认为系统论的方法是描写和分析汉字构形系统行之有效的方法，系统论方法，不仅适用于历史上文字系统的描写，也适用于现代汉字构形系统的描写，不仅适用了断代描写，也适用于历史比较，只有在对汉字断代系统描写的基础上进行系统的历史比较，才能认清汉字系统历史演变的真相，揭示汉字系统发展的客观规律，为科学地整理现代汉字提供理论上的依据。

The conclusions are as follows:(1) Neologisms in each Huayu region can be classified into two major categories:self-originated and others-originated,among which the new-born words are "absolute new words" and the inherited word are "relative new words",and there are also others-originated elements in the morphemic and sense systems of new words;(2) Variation can be seen in the morpheme,formation,building and sense of new words in Huayu regions,besides individuals of new words;(3) Aggregation of current new words and compound words with one common morpheme and a same construction,together with the aggregation of synonyms and that of different senses in polysemies,reflect the relevance of the systems of new words in Huayu regions in their variation;(4) Regular participation of hinting sense of a formation element in forming and building new words is an important way of producing new sense of morpheme,and an important reason for the current emergence of words with more than one new senses;(5) Compared with ordinary words,the productivity of ways of word formation in forming new words both in general and of a particular class will change and new ways of word formation appear in Huayu regions;(6) The semantic collocation of the verbal morpheme of new verbs in a phrase has a great influence on the location of its structural center,and the complex syntactic behaviors of new verbs are related to the different processes of argument integration;(7) The processes of building new words with the same meaning differ in levels of approaches to motivation cognition,perspectives of motivation cognition,morpheme motivation and morpheme expression,etc.;(8) The lexical interaction in Huayu regions results in lexical subsystem intersections of current new words across two,three and four regions.

本文的主要结论是：(1)各华语区新词均可分为"自源新词"和"他源新词"两大类，其中的新生词和传承词分属"绝对新词"和"相对新词"，新词语的词素、词义系统中也含有他源成分；(2)除词语个体外，华语区新词在词素、构词、造词、词义等方面均体现了某种程度的变异：(3)通用词语聚合、同素同构词聚合、同义异形词聚合与一词多义聚合集中反映了各华语区新词语系统在变异中的关联；(4)构词单位经常提示词义参与构造新词是产生新语素义的重要途径，也是当代多新义词现象的重要成因；(5)相对于一般词语，构词方式在新词语中的总能产性和在某一词类中所体现的能产性都有所变化，华语区也产生了新的构词方式；(6)新动词的动素在短语中的语义搭配对结构核心的位置有很大影响，新动词的复杂句法表现与不同的论元整合过程有关；(7)同义新词造词过程的差异包括理据认知途径、理据认知角度、词素理据和词素表达等不同层面；(8)华语区的词汇互动形成了双区、三区和四区通用新词等词汇子系统交集，作为华语核心，普通话所含纳的通用词语多于各区域变体。

We straighten up twenty items misread as near synonymity relation and thirty three cultural synonyms misexplained as matter.

辨正前三篇误解为类义、近义关系的一般同义词20条，后十六篇误释名物的文化同义词33条。

Then from the perspective of the hearer, the acceptive characteristics of the rhetoric of double meanings are uncovered from the acceptive order, acceptive type and acceptive degree. Mainly according to cooperation principle and relevance theory, the judgment and recognition of the rhetoric of double meanings, the regularity taking on when its deep meaning is revivified and cognized are induced; and at the same exhibiting specifically the meaning reasoning process of the acceptor of the rhetoric of double meanings of polysemy, synonymy, and antonym.

以&合作原则&和关联理论为主要依据，对双重意义修辞的判断和认定，对其语内意义的还原和认知等呈现的规律性进行了归纳，并具体地展现了接受者对于多义类、同义类和反义类双重意义修辞的意义推理过程。

Mainly according to cooperation principle and relevance theory, the judgment and recognition of the rhetoric of double meanings, the regularity taking on when its deep meaning is revivified and cognized are induced; and at the same exhibiting specifically the meaning reasoning process of the acceptor of the rhetoric of double meanings of polysemy, synonymy, and antonym.

以&合作原则&和关联理论为主要依据，对双重意义修辞的判断和认定，对其语内意义的还原和认知等呈现的规律性进行了归纳，并具体地展现了接受者对于多义类、同义类和反义类双重意义修辞的意义推理过程。

Firstly, we summed up the process and results of historical research. And then we classified the action morpheme and the noun morpheme. Based on the classification, we analyzed noun morphemes in order to find which kind of noun morpheme is strong to unite and which is the weak ones to centre around the action morpheme. Then we stated, analyzed and accounted for the usage of different semantic categories used in the line situation. We found that action morpheme combined into one by moving the line word was the main line and the main format, and explored and analyzed the role of analogy of noun morpheme line to other formats. Line formation of the word has its own reasons, so the article concluded by examining the formation of the line words' language, social and other reasons at last.

文章着眼于对动、名语素组合成的离合词的语义构成进行分析，探讨了动、名语素组合成离合词的语义选择规律，以动、名语素的语义分类为基点，在分类的基础上，以动语素为中心，分析围绕动语素的名语素义类，分析哪些义类名语素和动语素组合成离合词的能产性较强，即组合的周遍性和数量频度上是最高的，哪些义类组合成离合词的能产性比较弱，试图寻找动语素与名语素组合成离合词在义类上的能产性和周遍性，然后再对不同语义类组合中离合运用的情况进行统计、分析、说明。

Chapter one is the semantic classification of speech act verbs. An overview of the semantic classification of general verbs and speech act verbs is described, and a further classification of speech act verbs is defined by means of semantic field theory and sememe analysis theory which includes Q-As, interactive, imperative, emotional, evaluative and declarative, etc. Chapter two is the analysis of the sememe analysis of Russian speech act verbs.

本章首先对国内外一般动词和言语行为动词的语义分类进行了研究综述，继而借助语义场理论和义素分析理论对言语行为动词进行了初步划分：问答类、交互类、祈使类、情感类、评价类和告知类；第二章汉、俄语言语行为动词的义素分析。

There are mainly three kinds of sememe motion patterns in extended noun meanings, namely, generic sememe heredity that is new extended sememe formed by the changing of differentia sememe; new extended sememe independently differentiated from differentia sememe; extended sememe highlighted by correlation sememe.

名词词义引申的义素运动模式主要有三种：类属义素遗传，种差义素变化而形成新的引申义位；种差义素独立分化为新的引申义位；关联义素凸显为新的引申义位。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失