管道中的

This paper presents the theory and development of flash butt welding technology,and its application in construction of large-diameter pipeline of Soviet Union,discusses the prospect of using this technology in China.

简要叙述了闪光焊接技术的原理和发展状况，并通过对前苏联在大直径管道建设中应用闪光焊接技术情况的介绍，探讨了在我国管道建设中应用这项技术的可能性。

In the project of Dongfang-Yangpu-Haikou Long Distance Transportation Pipeline Crossing through Changhua River, the construction technique of launch way with slide boards is utilized, that is, the pulley block fixed on opposite bank tows the pipeline directly. The pulley block of a 32t low speed windlass successfully towed the integral pipeline section through the river.

在海南东方－洋浦－海口输气管道工程的昌化江穿越施工中，采用了发送道滑板施工技术：滑轮组过江直接牵引管道，32t慢速卷扬机牵引滑轮组将管道整体牵引过江，牵引穿越一次成功。

And detailedly analyzing reasons including these problems, it is can be found that not thinking of the slope of pipeline and the friction in the process of production water hammer pressure functions, but thinking of the effect of the slope pipeline in the process of production the consequent water hammer calculative continuity function , which results in the inconsequent illogicality in the whole process of producing.

对这些问题存在的原因进行了详细分析，发现在当前推导水击压强公式的过程中没有考虑管道的倾斜度和摩擦阻力的影响，而在后面水击计算的连续性方程的推导过程中则考虑了管道的倾斜度，这就导致了在当前连续性方程的整个推导过程中前后矛盾的不合理现象。

Secondly, detailedly analyzing reasons inducing these problems, author finds it is that not thinking of the slope of pipeline and the friction in the process of producing water hammer pressure functions, but, thinking of the effect of the slope of pipeline in the process of producing the consequent water hammer calculative continuity function, which results in the inconsequent illogicality in the whole process of producing.

接着，对这些问题存在的原因进行了详细分析，发现在当前推导水击压强公式的过程中没有考虑管道的倾斜度和摩擦阻力的影响，而在后面水击计算的连续性方程的推导过程中则考虑了管道的倾斜度，这就导致了在当前连续性方程的整个推导过程中前后矛盾的不合理现象。

The invention discloses a measuring method for firing conclusion and gas flow rate in the process of liquid, gas fuel firing, which comprises the following steps: positing three points on fuel transmission pipe, air pipe and gas pipe, setting regular measuring device or sampling device, measuring the flue's element and flow rate of point 1, air element of point 2, and gas element of point 3, inputting the data of three points into computing unit, computing air flow rate Mair, gas flow rate Mgas and firing conclusionηB by the element of air, flue, and gas and flue flow rate Mburn.

本发明公开了一种液体、气体燃料燃烧过程中燃烧完全度和燃气流量的确定方法，步骤为：在燃料输送管道、空气管道和烟气管道上分别设置三测点，并安装常规的测量装置或取样装置；分别测量测点1的燃料成分和流量；测点2的空气成分；测点3的燃气成分；将三测点的测量数据输入计算单元；根据空气、燃料和燃气的成分以及燃料流量M burn ，计算空气流量M air 、燃气流量M gas 和燃烧完全度η B 。

The coal tar enamels an excellent corrosion protective coatings for pipelines has been widely used in new built pipelines.

煤焦油磁漆作为性能优良的管道防腐涂料，已广泛用于新建管道工程中。

The influences of pipes, Young's elastics and viscosity of oil on step responses of valve control system are investigated by simulation. A theory criterion is put forward to determine what kind of system is considered as "a system with long pipe".

通过仿真考察了阀控系统中进油管道和回油管道的参数、油液的弹性模量和粘度对系统阶跃响应的影响，担出了&带长管道阀控系统&的理论判据，用以衡量进油管道和回油管道对阀控系统动态性能的影响程度。

The local factors such as topography, vegetations and soil moisture contents, have great influences on the distribution, ground temperatures, and ground ice contents of permafrost. About 50 km of wetlands have been identified along the China-Russia crude oil pipeline route. In these segments, the surficial deposits consist of peat and humic layers on the top of thick ground-ice, or ice-rich permafrost. The frozen ground engineering geology conditions in wetlands generally are the worst for building and operating the pipeline. The hazardous periglacial processes, such as the widespreadpresence of pingos, icings and frost mounds due to the extensive occurrence of the frost-susceptible soils and ample supplies of surface and ground waters in winter pose significant threats on pipeline operation.

地形地貌单元、植被分布、地表水分条件的变化等局部因素对多年冻土的分布和地下冰的赋存产生重要的影响，管道沿线大约分布有50 km左右的沼泽湿地，其表层为腐殖质土及泥炭层，泥炭层下面分布着含土冰层或地下冰，是管道沿线最差的冻土工程地质地段；由于中俄原油管道沿线水系发育多，冻胀丘、冰椎和冰幔等不良冻土现象广泛分布。

During the pipe pushing construction of the parallel steel water pipeline of Beidu-Yanger pipeline project in Ningbo, the pushing force in main pushing power station appeared unusual increasing and the construction had to be interrupted. Through the analytical comparison between theoretical and practical pushing curves as well as the analytical comparison between the tool pipe track and the form map of pipeline resting in soil, it was found that the excessive pushing force in main pushing power station was caused by excessive deviation adjustment angle which enabled the pipeline to over bend in a short distance.

在宁波市北渡－雅戈尔原水D1800mm钢管复线工程顶管施工中，出现主顶动力站顶力异常增大的现象，影响继续顶进施工，文章针对这一情况进行分析研究，通过理论顶力曲线与实际顶力曲线以及工具管所经轨迹与管道在土层中静止时的形态图的分析比较，得出主顶动力站顶力过大是因为在纠偏过程中纠偏角度过大，使管道在短距离内过度弯曲引起的。

Vacuum transfer line is one of the most important pipelines of atmospheric vacuum distillation plant which starts from the exit of heaters and extends to entrance of distillation tower.

减压转油线是炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置中加热炉出口到蒸馏塔底入口的管道，它是炼油装置中最重要的管道之一。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。