管道中的

Firstly, a computational formula of RS which used widely in pipelines design is introduced. Secondly, a correction formula is deduced based on Spangler model. Thirdly, a model of buried pipelines is analyzed with finite element program. After compared with different results, it is found that the result from the correction formula matches with the result of FE better than that of the design code.

以现行的管道结构设计规范为例介绍了目前管道工程设计中常用的管土相对刚度计算公式，在Spangler管道土压力模型基础上推导了计算埋地管道管土相对刚度的修正公式，并采用有限元模型分析了上埋式管道的管土相互作用机理。

Eular -Bernonulli beam model and Tomosimko beam model were adapted to study the inherence vibration properties of the pipelines under dynamical loads, and the analytical answers of the chanmical results were brought out in the fifth chapter. And gave priority to the Eular -Bernonulli beam model, the simply and convenient analytical resolution for the response of the pipelines under dynamical traffic loads through the impulse function and the congruence method of the vibration form and so on.

本文采用Eular-Bernonulli梁模型和Tomosimko梁模型对动力下Kelvin粘弹性地基中管道固有振动性状进行了分析，提出了各力学结果描述的解析式；并以Eular-Bernonulli梁模型为主，基于脉冲函数、振型迭加法等对管道在动力交通荷载作用下的管道响应问题提出简单便捷的解析算法；在管道受力结果的分析中，考虑管道响应输出的随机性，将管道响应用随机过程来描述其概率特征，使得结果描述更加真实准确。

Besides, the stress state of oil pipiline suffered from the frost heaving hazard was predicted by finite element numercial simulation. When the design pressure is 10 MPa, the pipe wall thickness should be no less than 14.2mm.

对于采用X65钢级螺旋缝埋弧焊钢管和直缝埋弧焊钢管的中俄原油管道工程，当管道设计压力为10MPa时，中俄原油管道设计壁厚应不小于14.2mm。

In this paper, a fluid dynamics model of hydaulicline including frequency-dependent friction is developed andits approaximate expression is got. Two mathematical treat-ments for the approximation are considered.

l引言 由于在液压系统动力学中，液压管道的动力响应有重要影响，所以建立管道的动态模型，特别是准确反映液压管道内各变量间传递关系的分布参数模型，就成为一个重要问题。

Moreover, online measurement system can be obtained after a fitting formula about water vapour saturated pressure in the gas pipeline at different temperatures is established by using the function chain neural network, which can greatly simplify the software of measurement of gas flux in the pipeline and quickly and truly realize measurement of gas flux in the pipeline in real time and on line in the design range of flowmeter.

在管道煤气计量系统测量中引入管道煤气相对湿度修正，并采用湿度传感器转换相对湿度信号，利用函数链神经网络对管道煤气工况温度下所对应的水蒸汽饱和压力进行拟合，得到基于函数链神经网络的管道煤气流量计量模型和在线计量系统，从而大大简化管道煤气流量计量软件，在流量计设计范围内实现管道煤气流量实时在线计量。

The affected factors to the whisht intensity of pipeline is analysed in two aspects: defectiveness and non. In the non-defectiveness aspect, the tranversing pipeline is considered as thin-wall container, and the annulus stress emerged from inner pressure as main stress on base of stress influence colligated with temperature and inner pressure, then amends it with the axis orientation stress, with the 4th intensity theory, we can calculate the whisht intensity of river tranversing oil pipeline.

从有缺陷和无缺陷两个方面对管道静强度的影响因素进行了分析，在无缺陷穿越管道的静强度分析中，是将穿越管道视为薄壁容器，并在综合考虑温度和内压对管道的应力影响的基础上，把由内压引起的环向应力当作主要应力，再用轴向应力加以修正，根据强度理论计算相当应力，从而实现了穿越河流输油管道的静强度计算。

In order to keep consistent with GB 50235-97 "Construction and Acceptance Specification for Industrial Metal Piping Works" and SH 3059-2001 "General Regulation on Material Selection for Petrochemical Piping Design", this revision has only defined the extreme harmful medium as virulent medium, and, piping with the transmission hypertoxic levels of moderate harmful and gentle harmful medium is added in the application scope.

本次修订为保持与 GB 50235-97《工业金属管道工程施工及验收规范》和 SH3059-2001《石油化工管道设计器材选用通则》协调，仅将毒性程度为极度危害介质定义为剧毒介质，同时在适用范围中增加了输送毒性程度为中度危害和轻度危害介质的管道，并增补了有关施工及验收规定。

Following, a experiment has been carried out, the incident waves with a frequency band of 200kHz-3 50kHz are used to the experiment, and a series of peak value-time curves are drawn each 10kHz, corresponding time are found through fitting peak value, thus the position of the defect is calculated accurately. The application of awl-shaped sensor head in the heat change water pipe experiment indicates that the ultrasonic guided waves may transmit nearly 50 meters in the pipe, which is not influenced by the elbows and makes it possible to test defects in long distance and large-scale. The water-load pipe experiment indicates that the displace and energy maybe leakage at the near-surface, which is significant for the further research.

而后，采用200kHz至350kHz频段的入射波进行了实验验证，并每隔10kHz绘出一条峰值一时间的曲线，通过拟合峰值点，找到对应的时间，从而准确的计算出了缺陷的所在；应用锥形探头的热交换水管的实验表明，超声导波可以在管道中传播了近50米的距离，且不受弯头的影响，从而使得长范围、大规模检测成为可能，水载管实验说明了离面位移和能量可能会发生泄漏的特性，为导波的深入研究和应用作了铺垫。

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Three new pipelines—two for gas, and one to bring Siberian oil to the border—are promised by Russia; and high prices have made it viable to deliver Russian oil by train.

俄罗斯已答应修建3条新管道，其中2条是天然气管道，另1条石油管道将把西伯利亚的石油输送至俄中边界。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。