管

We used coupling phototube convert the voltage of reflector voltages of klystron linearly to lower voltage, and convert the lower voltages of standing wave measuring line and crystal detector inputting power linearly to higher voltages by operation amplifier. Then we inputted these voltages to computer by analog-to-digital card and plotted the graphs of working characteristics of reflecting klystron with software .

利用光电耦合器将速调管反射极高电压线性转换为低电压，同时将驻波测量线测得电场强度的电压值和晶体检波器所测得的反射式速调管输出功率的电压值通过运算放大器线性放大，然后经过模数转换卡采集到微机中，利用软件绘制出速调管的工作特性曲线。

The authors used coupling phototube convert the voltage of reflector voltages of klystron linearly to lower voltage and converted the lower voltages of standing wave measuring line and crystal detector inputting power linearly to higher voltages by operation amplifier. Then inputted these voltages to computer by analog-to-digital card and plotted the graphs of working characteristics of reflecting klystron with software.

利用光电耦合器将速调管反射极高电压线性转换为低电压，同时将驻波测量线测得电场强度的电压值和晶体检波器所测得的反射式速调管输出功率的电压值通过运算放大器线性放大，然后经过模数转换卡采集到微机中，利用软件绘制出速调管的工作特性曲线。

The results show that, when the electromagnetic field was applicated, the flowability and filling capacity of cupronickel alloy are increased, the surface cracks are eliminated, and the thin-walled cupronickel tube billets with smooth surface can be obtained due to the increase of flowability and filling capacity of cupronickel alloy. The solidification structure of the tube billets is evidently refined, the shape of Ni-rich phase changes from needle-like to bulk and the casting stress declines from 7.2 to 0.32 MPa. With the structure improving, the tensile strength and elongation increase by 5% and 36%, respectively, than those of ordinary continuously cast tube billets.

结果表明：在连铸过程中施加旋转电磁场能够提高金属液的流动性和充型能力，消除表面裂纹缺陷，从而制备出表面光滑的薄壁白铜管坯；在电磁力的作用下管坯凝固组织显著细化，富镍相由针状转化为团块状，同时铸造应力由未施加电磁场时的7.2 MPa下降至0.32 MPa；随着凝固组织的改善，施加磁场的管坯抗拉强度和伸长率与未施加磁场管坯的相比分别提高5%和36%。

Light output analysis tests character of spectrum radiate of pyrotechnic mixtures and analyses wave band distribute of light by comparing different static blaze spectrograms of the pyrotechnic mixtures. Screen out the better pyrotechnic mixtures according to request of pumping source. Press experiments in airtight erupt container experiment, which simulate the circumstance that pyrotechnic mixtures deflagrate in quartz pipe, realize the press influence to the quartz pipe wall and the disciplinarian of axes press variety. Apply these pyrotechnic mixtures to Nd:YAG lasers as the pumping source and compare pumping efficiency of different pyrotechnic mixtures. Pumping efficiency is an important standard which checkout if these pyrotechnic mixtures are the better pumping source. Sensitivity experiment analysis incarnate security of pyrotechnic mixtures that is the essential parameter in the process of design, manufacture and use.

通过对烟火药的热分析(爆热分析、DTA、TG)，了解备选烟火药反应过程中的能量输出特性及反应过程中的物理、化学变化规律；光输出分析实验对烟火药配方光谱辐射特征进行测试，比较其静态火焰光谱图，分析不同烟火药剂光辐射波段分布特征，根据激光泵浦源的辐射要求，进而筛选更符合激光泵浦源药剂要求的烟火药；模拟烟火药在石英管中爆燃环境的密闭爆发器压力分析实验反映了烟火药在石英管中反应时对管壁的压力影响以及管内轴向压力变化规律；将烟火药作为泵浦源应用于Nd：YAG固体激光器，比较不同烟火药的泵浦效率，作为检验烟火药是否适合作为激光泵浦源的重要标准；感度实验分析体现了各种烟火药的安全性，是烟火药设计、制造和使用的必要示性数。

Secmotron (Sector beam deflection modulation tube) is a new kind of high efficient microwave tube which is developed on the basis of gyrocon.

扇调管是在偏调管基础上发展起来的一种高效率微波管。

The performance of device is dependent on the concentration of TiO2-nanotubes,appropriate concentration of TiO2-nanotubes can connect moles of C60 which afford more direct band pathway for carrier transport especially electron transport.

实验表明，TiO2纳米管的加入增强了器件的光伏特性，并且随着TiO2纳米管混合比例的提高，器件的电加热管短路光电流和光电转换效率也相应的提高了。

Some new organizational patterns of microtubules (that have not been described before) were observed during microsporogenesis, including the existence of a broad band of perinuclear microtubules at the diakinesis stage of development.

主要包括：(1)在细线期，从核膜向胞质衍射的微管呈螺旋状，显示核具旋转功能；(2 )在偶线期，微管的分布呈极性分布现象；(3)在终变期，核被一组微管形成的宽带围绕着。

In Peiai 64S, the microtubules showed abnormal patterns of distribution from pre_meiotic interphase to metaphase Ⅰ. For example the broad band of perinuclear microtubules seen at diakinesis in IR36 was much disorganized and loosened in Peiai 64S.

(1)在偶线期具极性分布的微管分布不存在；(2 )在小孢子母细胞减数分裂期间的细胞内出现许多特别粗的微管束；(3)在终变期围绕核的微管宽带结构松散及内含微管密度低。

In order to analyze the influence of the center air pipe diameter change on the combustion effect, numerical modeling was applied to numerical calculation on the temperature field of such type of boiler,through which temperature field in five different schemes were obtained. In addition, the influence law of change of the diameter of the center air pipe on the temperature field was analyzed. The temperature of the nearly-back wall region takes on a firstly decreasing and then increasing change with the diametrical decrease of the central wind pipe.

为研究改变中心风管直径后的4层燃烧器对炉膛燃烧的影响，采用数值模拟的方法对该型锅炉炉内的温度场进行数值计算，得到5种不同方案下该型锅炉炉内的温度场分布，并分析了中心风管直径的改变对炉内温度场的影响规律，即后墙近壁区温度随着中心风管直径的减小呈现先降低后升高的趋势。

In order to use carbon nanotubes in composites to improve the characteristics mechanical, thermal, electrical, etc of conventional materials, two important issues need to be carefully addressed: the dispersion of CNTs within the matrix, and the interface between the nanotubes and the material.

利用碳纳米管增强复合材料的性能，有两个关键问题需要解决：碳纳米管在基质材料中的分散问题，以及碳纳米管和材料之间界面的问题。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。