算术

Main work follows:(1) In the first part of this paper, a historical development of the number theory before Gauss is reviewed.Based on the systematic analysis of Gauss"s work in science and mathematics, inquiry into the mathematical background that Disquisitiones Arithmeticae appeals and Gauss"s congruent theory;(2) The development process of Fermat"s little theorem and its important function in the compositeness test is elaborated through original literature.we think that the first three section of Disquisitiones Arithmeticae is a summary and development for ancestors" work about Fermat"s little theorem,show that Fermat"s little theorem played an important role in the elementary number theory;(3) With the two main sources of the quadratic reciprocity law, investigating Fermat,Euler,Lagrange,Legendre, until the related work of Gauss,the way to realize the laws huge push to the development of algebraic number theory in 19 centuries.

本文主要做了以下工作：(1)首先回顾了高斯之前的数论研究状况，在系统分析高斯的科学与数学成就的基础上，探讨了《算术研究》出现的数学背景和高斯的同余理论；(2)通过对原始文献的系统解读，深入分析了费马小定理发现发展的历程以及在素性检验中的重要作用，指出《算术研究》前三节是高斯在总结并发展了前人对该定理研究的基础上形成的，并揭示了费马小定理在初等数论定理证明中的核心地位；(3)以二次互反律的两个主要来源为线索，详细考察了费马，欧拉，拉格朗目，勒让德，直到高斯的相关工作，揭示了该定律对十九世纪数论发展的巨大推动作用。

His only books were an almanac and an arithmetic, in which last he was considerably expert.

他只有一本历书和一本算术书，他很精于算术。

The high order context arithmetic model is applied to approximate the entropy limit in the process of arithmetic coding of the output information of the bitplane coding.

在对位平面量化的输出信息作算术编码过程中，为实现条件熵编码对极限熵的逼近，进行了高阶的条件算术编码建模。

This paper used the ratio of arithmetic to geometric mean to replace the coefficient of variation and applied into the enhanced adaptive filters. It proposed the novel class of adaptive filters, which were based on the ratio of arithmetic to geometric mean and were designed for speckle.

为此，将算术—几何均值比引入增强型的Lee和Frost等滤波器中，并取代变差系数在这些滤波器中的作用，推导得出一类新的基于算术—几何均值比的自适应斑点噪声滤波器。

The arithmetic logic unit or ALU performs most arithmetic and logical operations, such as adding or ADDing values.

算术逻辑单元执行大部分的算术逻辑运算，如加法、逻辑与等运算。

Arithmetic and logic unit which performs arithmetic, logical, and shift operations to produce results.

算术逻辑单元，执行算术运算，逻辑运算和移位操作并生成结果； 3。

Control over both the Arithmetic Logic Unit and shifter in every data-processing instruction to maximize the use of an ALU and a shifter.

控制算术逻辑单元和转换机构的每个数据处理指令最大化的使用算术逻辑单元和转换机构。

Software reliability is one of the most important quality characteristics. The definition of software assessment is discussed, the mechanism of software failures is described, 2 software reliability assessment methods based on triangular fuzzy number arithmetic operations and trapezoid fuzzy number arithmetic operations respectively are proposed, and some examples to use these methods are given.

软件可靠性是航天型号软件的重要质量特性之一，本文阐述了软件可靠性评估的定义，讨论了软件的失效机理，提出了基于三角形模糊数算术运算和基于梯形模糊数算术运算的软件可靠性评估方法，并给出了使用这些方法的示例。

A novel method is produced by utilizing MOCPM in ABAC, which is more effective than traditional methods.

将此模型应用到二进制算术编码中，形成了一种比传统二进制算术编码更有效的方法，能让平均码长变短并使得码字的信息量逼近符号的熵率，从而显著提高二进制算术编码的数据压缩比（可高达90％）。

Based on the present findings, it appears that all the Taiwan WAIS-Ⅲ working memory index, the single Arithmetic and the Digit Span subtests, and the span scores of the Digit Span subtest could adequately discriminate individuals without working memory impairment, but had poor sensitivity on detecting the patients who evidenced working memory impairment. Accordingly, it is suggested that clinicians should gauge the working memory index by a composite of the Arithmetic, the Digit Span, and the Letter-Number Sequencing subtests if possible. Otherwise, a caveat should be taken with care to interpret the working memory index, as estimated by a composite of the Arithmetic and the Digit Span subtests, because the chance of the increasing false negative rate becomes ineludible.

综合上述，显见WAIS-Ⅲ中文版中之工作记忆指数、单一算术及单一记忆广度分测验、或记忆广度分测验之各项广度值在区分患者有无工作记忆功能异常上皆拥有良好之区辨力，但对侦测工作记忆功能异常患者的敏感度普遍不佳，建议临床工作者应尽量取得算术、记忆广度、与数－字序列等三项分测验组合所估算之工作记忆指数；若在有限条件下，临床工作者仅能以算术与记忆广度两项分测验之组合所估算之工作记忆指数来评估受试者工作记忆，应留意假阴性比例上升的问题。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。